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Biology > Chapter 12 Mitosis > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Mitosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell division

A

Reproduction of cells

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2
Q

Somatic cells

A

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm egg or their precursor

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3
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid reproductive cells formed by meiosis or descendant of meiotic cells

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4
Q

What produces a diploid zygote

A

Fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction

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5
Q

Characteristics of chromosome in non dividing cells

A

Long and thin

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6
Q

Characteristics of dividing cell chromosomes

A

Dense and thick due to replication of DNA

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7
Q

Sister chromatids

A

2 copies of duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins

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8
Q

Centromere

A

Region on each sister chromatid where its the closest to its sister chromatid

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9
Q

What macromolecule join chromatids together at the centromere

A

Proteisn

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10
Q

Cohesins

A

Protein complexes that attach sister chromatids along their lengths

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11
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cell

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12
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm to form separate daughter cells after mitosis

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13
Q

Cell cycle

A

Sequence of events in the lifetime of a cell

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14
Q

Mitotic phase

A

The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis & cytokinesis

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15
Q

Interphase

A

Period in cell cycle when cell is not dividing

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16
Q

What makes up most of cell cycle

A

Interphase

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17
Q

Stages of interphase (in order)

A

G1, S, G2

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18
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes, and mitotic spindles begin to form

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19
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope fragments and spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes

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20
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle is complete & chromosomes align at metaphase plate

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21
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles of cells

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22
Q

Telophase

A

Daughter cell nuclei are reforming and cytokinesis begins to occur

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23
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

assemblage of microtubules and proteins that is involved in movement of chromosomes during mitosis

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24
Q

Kinetochores

A

Structure of proteins attached to the centromere which links each sister chromatid to mitotic spindle

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25
Q

Metaphase plate

A

Imaginary plate midway between the 2 poles of a cell in metaphase where the centromeres of all duplicated chromosomes are found

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26
Q

What makes up a spindle

A

Chromosomes, spindle microtubules, asters

27
Q

Separase

A

Enzyme that cleaves cohesins beginning anaphase

28
Q

What causes elongation of cells in animal cell division in anaphase

A

Non kinetochore microtubules

29
Q

Cleavage

A

Process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of plasma membrane

30
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

Shallow groove around the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

31
Q

First sign of cleavage

A

Cleavage furrow

32
Q

Cell plate

A

Sac located at midline of dividing plant cells, where new cell walls will form during cytokinesis

33
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction in single celled organisms where cell doubles its size and then divide into 2 cells

34
Q

Shape of bacterial chromosomes

A

Circular

35
Q

Origin of replication

A

Site where the replication of DNA molecules begin in binary fission

36
Q

How cells using binary fission split

A

2 origins move to opposite while chromosomes are replicating until cell splits in half

37
Q

Cell cycle control system

A

Cyclically operating molecules in eukaryotic cells that triggers and coordinate key events in cell cycle

38
Q

Checkpoint

A

A control point in cell cycle where stop and go ahead signals regulate cycle

39
Q

Kinases

A

Enzymes that stimulate proteins by phosphorylating

40
Q

What are regulatory molecules for cell cycle

A

Kinases and cyclin

41
Q

Cyclin

A

Protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and plays a role in regulating cell cycle

42
Q

Cyclin dependentkinases (CDK)

A

Kinase that is only active when attached to a particular cyclin

43
Q

Maturation promoting factor

A

protein complex (CDK) required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis

44
Q

How are cyclin dependent kinases deactivated

A

Destruction of cyclin component

45
Q

Most important checkpoint of cell cycle

A

G1

46
Q

G0 phase

A

Non dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle

47
Q

Growth factor

A

Protein that must be presented to cell for growth and normal development

48
Q

Density dependent inhibitions

A

Phenomenon in animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when in contact with one another

49
Q

Anchorage dependance

A

Requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum to divide

50
Q

Transformation

A

Process where cells acquire the ability to divide indefinitely

51
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread of cancer cells to locations different from their original state

52
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

53
Q

Variation

A

Difference between members of the same species

54
Q

Gene’s locus

A

Specific place on chromosome where a given gene is located

55
Q

Life cycle

A

Generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism

56
Q

Karyotype

A

Display of chromosomes pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape

57
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and stain patterns that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci

58
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes responsible for determining sex of an individual

59
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes not involved in determining sex

60
Q

Diploid cell

A

Cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes, 1 from each parent

61
Q

Haploid cell

A

Cell with only one set of chromosomes

62
Q

Fertilization

A

Unison of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote

63
Q

Zygote

A

Diploid cell produced by fertilization

Biology (15 decks)

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