Chapter 12 Mitosis Flashcards
Cell division
Reproduction of cells
Somatic cells
Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm egg or their precursor
Gametes
Haploid reproductive cells formed by meiosis or descendant of meiotic cells
What produces a diploid zygote
Fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction
Characteristics of chromosome in non dividing cells
Long and thin
Characteristics of dividing cell chromosomes
Dense and thick due to replication of DNA
Sister chromatids
2 copies of duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins
Centromere
Region on each sister chromatid where its the closest to its sister chromatid
What macromolecule join chromatids together at the centromere
Proteisn
Cohesins
Protein complexes that attach sister chromatids along their lengths
Mitosis
Process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cell
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm to form separate daughter cells after mitosis
Cell cycle
Sequence of events in the lifetime of a cell
Mitotic phase
The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis & cytokinesis
Interphase
Period in cell cycle when cell is not dividing
What makes up most of cell cycle
Interphase
Stages of interphase (in order)
G1, S, G2
Prophase
Chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes, and mitotic spindles begin to form
Prometaphase
Nuclear envelope fragments and spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes
Metaphase
Spindle is complete & chromosomes align at metaphase plate
Anaphase
Chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles of cells
Telophase
Daughter cell nuclei are reforming and cytokinesis begins to occur
Mitotic spindle
assemblage of microtubules and proteins that is involved in movement of chromosomes during mitosis
Kinetochores
Structure of proteins attached to the centromere which links each sister chromatid to mitotic spindle
Metaphase plate
Imaginary plate midway between the 2 poles of a cell in metaphase where the centromeres of all duplicated chromosomes are found
What makes up a spindle
Chromosomes, spindle microtubules, asters
Separase
Enzyme that cleaves cohesins beginning anaphase
What causes elongation of cells in animal cell division in anaphase
Non kinetochore microtubules
Cleavage
Process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of plasma membrane
Cleavage furrow
Shallow groove around the cell surface near the old metaphase plate
First sign of cleavage
Cleavage furrow
Cell plate
Sac located at midline of dividing plant cells, where new cell walls will form during cytokinesis
Binary fission
Asexual reproduction in single celled organisms where cell doubles its size and then divide into 2 cells
Shape of bacterial chromosomes
Circular
Origin of replication
Site where the replication of DNA molecules begin in binary fission
How cells using binary fission split
2 origins move to opposite while chromosomes are replicating until cell splits in half
Cell cycle control system
Cyclically operating molecules in eukaryotic cells that triggers and coordinate key events in cell cycle
Checkpoint
A control point in cell cycle where stop and go ahead signals regulate cycle
Kinases
Enzymes that stimulate proteins by phosphorylating
What are regulatory molecules for cell cycle
Kinases and cyclin
Cyclin
Protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and plays a role in regulating cell cycle
Cyclin dependentkinases (CDK)
Kinase that is only active when attached to a particular cyclin
Maturation promoting factor
protein complex (CDK) required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis
How are cyclin dependent kinases deactivated
Destruction of cyclin component
Most important checkpoint of cell cycle
G1
G0 phase
Non dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle
Growth factor
Protein that must be presented to cell for growth and normal development
Density dependent inhibitions
Phenomenon in animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when in contact with one another
Anchorage dependance
Requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum to divide
Transformation
Process where cells acquire the ability to divide indefinitely
Metastasis
Spread of cancer cells to locations different from their original state
Heredity
Transmission of traits from one generation to the next
Variation
Difference between members of the same species
Gene’s locus
Specific place on chromosome where a given gene is located
Life cycle
Generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism
Karyotype
Display of chromosomes pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape
Homologous chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and stain patterns that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci
Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes responsible for determining sex of an individual
Autosomes
Chromosomes not involved in determining sex
Diploid cell
Cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes, 1 from each parent
Haploid cell
Cell with only one set of chromosomes
Fertilization
Unison of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote
Zygote
Diploid cell produced by fertilization