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Biology > Chapter 12 Mitosis > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Mitosis Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Cell division

A

Reproduction of cells

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2
Q

Somatic cells

A

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm egg or their precursor

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3
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid reproductive cells formed by meiosis or descendant of meiotic cells

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4
Q

What produces a diploid zygote

A

Fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction

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5
Q

Characteristics of chromosome in non dividing cells

A

Long and thin

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6
Q

Characteristics of dividing cell chromosomes

A

Dense and thick due to replication of DNA

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7
Q

Sister chromatids

A

2 copies of duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins

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8
Q

Centromere

A

Region on each sister chromatid where its the closest to its sister chromatid

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9
Q

What macromolecule join chromatids together at the centromere

A

Proteisn

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10
Q

Cohesins

A

Protein complexes that attach sister chromatids along their lengths

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11
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cell

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12
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm to form separate daughter cells after mitosis

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13
Q

Cell cycle

A

Sequence of events in the lifetime of a cell

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14
Q

Mitotic phase

A

The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis & cytokinesis

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15
Q

Interphase

A

Period in cell cycle when cell is not dividing

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16
Q

What makes up most of cell cycle

A

Interphase

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17
Q

Stages of interphase (in order)

A

G1, S, G2

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18
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes, and mitotic spindles begin to form

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19
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope fragments and spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes

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20
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle is complete & chromosomes align at metaphase plate

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21
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles of cells

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22
Q

Telophase

A

Daughter cell nuclei are reforming and cytokinesis begins to occur

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23
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

assemblage of microtubules and proteins that is involved in movement of chromosomes during mitosis

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24
Q

Kinetochores

A

Structure of proteins attached to the centromere which links each sister chromatid to mitotic spindle

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25
Metaphase plate
Imaginary plate midway between the 2 poles of a cell in metaphase where the centromeres of all duplicated chromosomes are found
26
What makes up a spindle
Chromosomes, spindle microtubules, asters
27
Separase
Enzyme that cleaves cohesins beginning anaphase
28
What causes elongation of cells in animal cell division in anaphase
Non kinetochore microtubules
29
Cleavage
Process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of plasma membrane
30
Cleavage furrow
Shallow groove around the cell surface near the old metaphase plate
31
First sign of cleavage
Cleavage furrow
32
Cell plate
Sac located at midline of dividing plant cells, where new cell walls will form during cytokinesis
33
Binary fission
Asexual reproduction in single celled organisms where cell doubles its size and then divide into 2 cells
34
Shape of bacterial chromosomes
Circular
35
Origin of replication
Site where the replication of DNA molecules begin in binary fission
36
How cells using binary fission split
2 origins move to opposite while chromosomes are replicating until cell splits in half
37
Cell cycle control system
Cyclically operating molecules in eukaryotic cells that triggers and coordinate key events in cell cycle
38
Checkpoint
A control point in cell cycle where stop and go ahead signals regulate cycle
39
Kinases
Enzymes that stimulate proteins by phosphorylating
40
What are regulatory molecules for cell cycle
Kinases and cyclin
41
Cyclin
Protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and plays a role in regulating cell cycle
42
Cyclin dependentkinases (CDK)
Kinase that is only active when attached to a particular cyclin
43
Maturation promoting factor
protein complex (CDK) required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis
44
How are cyclin dependent kinases deactivated
Destruction of cyclin component
45
Most important checkpoint of cell cycle
G1
46
G0 phase
Non dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle
47
Growth factor
Protein that must be presented to cell for growth and normal development
48
Density dependent inhibitions
Phenomenon in animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when in contact with one another
49
Anchorage dependance
Requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum to divide
50
Transformation
Process where cells acquire the ability to divide indefinitely
51
Metastasis
Spread of cancer cells to locations different from their original state
52
Heredity
Transmission of traits from one generation to the next
53
Variation
Difference between members of the same species
54
Gene’s locus
Specific place on chromosome where a given gene is located
55
Life cycle
Generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism
56
Karyotype
Display of chromosomes pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape
57
Homologous chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and stain patterns that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci
58
Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes responsible for determining sex of an individual
59
Autosomes
Chromosomes not involved in determining sex
60
Diploid cell
Cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes, 1 from each parent
61
Haploid cell
Cell with only one set of chromosomes
62
Fertilization
Unison of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote
63
Zygote
Diploid cell produced by fertilization

Biology (15 decks)

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