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Biochemistry > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Structural
Energy Storage
Chemical
Protection
Vitamins
Pigments

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2
Q

Are biological lipids are ______

A

Amphipathic (have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions)

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3
Q

What makes up fatty acids?

A

Alkyl chains terminating in COOH

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4
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

Alkyl chains that are fully reduced (no double bonds)

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5
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Alkyl chain that contains double bonds

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6
Q

Eukaryotes synthesize with ____ units

A

2-C

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7
Q

What makes odd-number fatty acids?

A

Bacteria

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8
Q

What is the code for myristic acid?

A

14:0

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9
Q

What is the code for palmitic acid?

A

16:0

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10
Q

What is the code for stearic acid?

A

18:0

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11
Q

What is the code for arachidic acid?

A

20:0

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12
Q

What is the code for oleic acid?

A

18:1n-9

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13
Q

What is the code for linoleic acid?

A

18:2n-9

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14
Q

What is the code for α-linolenic acid?

A

18:3n-3

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15
Q

What is the code for γ-linolenic acid?

A

18:3n-6

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16
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid codes give the location of the first carbon bond relative to which end?

A

Methyl

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16
Q

Which type of double bond occurs naturally in fatty acids?

A

Cis

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16
Q

Saturated fatty acids tend to be _____ at room temp

A

Solid (fats)

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids tend to be ____ at room temp

A

Liquid (oil)

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19
Q

What determines the melting point of saturated fatty acids?

A

Chain length

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20
Q

Would a 16:0 fatty acid or an 18:0 fatty acid have a higher melting point?

A

18:0 fatty acid
The melting point increases as the chain lengthens

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21
Q

What determines the melting point of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Number of double bonds

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22
Q

Would an unsaturated fat with 2 or 3 double bonds have a higher melting point?

A

2 Double Bonds
The melting point decreases with the number of double bonds

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23
Q

What are the functions of triacylglycerols?

A

Energy source

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24
Q

Describe a saponification reaction:

A

ester + water -> carboxylic acid + alcohol

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25
Q

True or False: Triacylglycerols can be made up of more than one fatty acid

A

True

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26
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

Specialized cells used to store fats

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27
Q

What is a glycerophospholipid?

A

1,2-diacylglycerol with phosphate on carbon 3

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28
Q

Glycerophospholipid is a critical component of _______

A

Cell membranes

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29
Q

If a glycerophospholipid has unsaturation, which position is more likely to be on?

A

2-position

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30
Q

Where does phospholipase A1 cut?

A

Carbonyl before the R1 group on a phospholipid

31
Q

Where does phospholipase C cut?

A

Before the phosphate group on a phospholipid

32
Q

Where does phospholipase D cut?

A

After the phosphate group on a phospholipid

33
Q

What is a sphingosine?

A

18-carbon alcohol

34
Q

What type of double bond is in sphingosone?

A

trans

35
Q

What is a ceramide?

A

Fatty acid joined to sphingosine in amide linkage

36
Q

Where are ceramides typically found?

A

Biological membranes

37
Q

Where are sphingomyelins found?

A

Animal-cell membranes; enriched in myelin sheath

38
Q

What causes Niemann-Pick Disease?

A

Defect in sphingomyelinase

39
Q

What is a glycosphingolipid?

A

Ceramides with one or more sugars in a beta-glycosidic linkage at 1-hydroxyl group

40
Q

What is cerebroside?

A

Glycosphingolipid with one sugar

41
Q

What is ganglioside?

A

Glycosphingolipid with 3 or more sugars, one of which is sialic acid

42
Q

What makes up Gm1?

A

D-Galactose
N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine
D-Galactose
D-Glucose

43
Q

What group is attached to the D-Galactose of Gm3?

A

N-acetylneuraminidate (sialic acid)

44
Q

What two groups are on the D-glucose of Gm3?

A

Stearic acid and Sphingosine

45
Q

What defines Tay-Sachs Disease?

A

Deficient beta-hexosaminidase A

46
Q

What is the function of B-Hexosaminidase?

A

Enzyme that hydrolyzes Gm1 to Gm2

47
Q

What are the symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease?

A

Blindness, weakness, seizures, mental retardation

48
Q

What are waxes?

A

Esters of long-chain alcohols with long-chain fatty acids

49
Q

What is the general formula of waxes?

A

R1–CO–O–R2

50
Q

What is carnauba wax?

A

Hard wax used for high-gloss finishes

51
Q

What is lanolin?

A

Wool wax used in cosmetics

52
Q

What is the function of eicosanoid?

A

Signaling/Hormone

53
Q

What is the precursor for eicosanoids?

A

Arachidonic acid

54
Q

What is the code for arachidonic acid?

A

20:4Δ5,8,11,14

55
Q

What is the function of PGH2 synthase?

A

Catalyzes arachidonic acid to PGH2

56
Q

What enzyme does aspirin inhibit?

A

PGH2 synthase

57
Q

What is the structure of steroids?

A

Three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring fused together

58
Q

What molecule is the base of steroids?

A

Isoprene

59
Q

What is isoprene?

A

5C branched structure from AcetylCoA

60
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Precursor for all steroids in animals

61
Q

What is the function of steroid hormones?

A

Salt balance
Metabolic function
Sexual function

62
Q

What are steroid signaling receptors?

A

Transcription factors that move into the nucleus upon binding

63
Q

Where are steroid signaling receptors?

A

Cytosol (inside cell)

64
Q

What is the molecular order of steroid formation?

A

Isoprene -> Terpenes -> Steroid

65
Q

What is the structure of isoprene?

A

H2C=CH-C(CH3)=CH2

66
Q

What is transverse diffusion?

A

Very slow flipping from one side of the plasma membrane to the other via lipases

67
Q

What is lateral diffusion?

A

Rapid movement down one side of the bilayer membrane

68
Q

What is FRAP?

A

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

69
Q

What is an integral protein?

A

Protein that spans the lipid bilayer

70
Q

What is a peripheral protein?

A

Protein that sits on top of membrane surface

71
Q

Why would a protein attach itself to the cell membrane?

A

Reduces dimensions that a molecule has to travel through to bind to the protein

72
Q

What is the structure of the CXXY motif?

A

Cysteine -> Hydrophobic AA -> Hydrophobic AA -> Y

73
Q

What amino acids in the y position of the CXXY motif give farnesylation?

A

Ala, Met, Ser

74
Q

What amino acids in the y position of the CXXY motif give geranylgeranylation?

A

Leu

75
Q

What is myristolation?

A

Myristic acid (14:0) attached to Nt amino group of Gly

76
Q

What is palmitoylation?

A

Thioester linkage to Cys

Thioester: R1-S-CO-R2

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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