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Biochemistry > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

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2
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Simple sugar (one residue)

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3
Q

What is an oligosaccharide?

A

2-10 simple sugar residues

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4
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Polymer of simple sugars

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5
Q

What is an aldose?

A

monosaccharide with a carbonyl group on the endmost Carbon

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6
Q

What is a ketose?

A

monosaccharide with a ketose group on the endmost carbon (COCH2OH)

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7
Q

How many carbons are needed for each monosaccharide to be considered chiral?

A

Aldose: 3C or more
Ketose: 4C or more

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8
Q

What carbon is stereochemistry of a monosaccharide determined with?

A

Highest numbered or lowest chiral carbon – one closest to CH2OH group

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9
Q

What are the two sterochemistry designations of monosaccharides?

A

D (OH is on the right)
L (OH is on the left)

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10
Q

What sterochemical designation of sugars predominates in nature?

A

D sugars

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11
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

Compounds that only differ in spatial arrangement of atoms – same chemical formula

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12
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

Nonsuperimposeable mirror images (D vs L)

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13
Q

What is a diastereomer?

A

Stereoisomers (same chemical formula, different arrangement) that aren’t mirror images

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14
Q

What is an epimer?

A

Diastereomer (different arrangements of same chemical formula that aren’t mirror images) that only differ at a single stereocenter

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15
Q

What is the difference between a hemiacetal and hemiketal?

A

Hemiacetal - H
Hemiketal - R group

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16
Q

How do you form a hemiacetal? Hemiketal?

A

Alcohol + Aldehyde = Hemiacetal
Alcohol + Ketone = Hemiketal

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17
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

Sugar with a free aldehyde group

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18
Q

What is the function of acetals and ketals in sugars?

A

Links multiple monosaccharides together (two R group connections)

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19
Q

What is the reaction that forms glycosidic bonds?

A

Condensation Reaction

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20
Q

What type of glycosidic bond is hard for the body to break?

A

Beta

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21
Q

What is the difference between homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides?

A

Homopolysaccharides consist of repeating single sugar
Heteropolysaccharide consist of multiple sugars

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22
Q

Starch and glycogen are _____ molecules

A

Storage

23
Q

Chitin and Cellulose are _____ molecules

A

Structural

24
Q

What is starch?

A

Glucose storage in plants

25
Q

What is amylose?

A

Form of starch that is glucose with alpha-1,4 links and one reducing end (one long chain)

26
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

Form of starch that has alpha-1,6 branches every 12-30 molecules

27
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Glucose storage in animals

28
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A

Glucose linearly bound alpha-1,4 but has Alpha-1,6 branches every 8-12 residues

29
Q

Is amylopectin or glycogen more tightly packed?

A

Glycogen; every 8-12 residues compared to 12-30 for amylopectin

30
Q

What is the worlds most abundant natural polymer?

A

Cellulose

31
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Structural polysaccharide of plants

32
Q

What makes up cellulose?

A

Glucose bonded by Beta-1,4 linkages

33
Q

What is chitin?

A

Structural polysaccharide of crustaceans, insects, spiders, and fungal cell wells

34
Q

What is the structural difference of chitin compared to cellulose?

A

Carbon 2 has N-acetyl group (NHC(O)CH3)

35
Q

What are glycosaminglycans?

A

Linear chains of repeating disaccharides

36
Q

What is heparin?

A

Natural anticoagulent

37
Q

What is hyaluronates?

A

Vitreous human and synovial fluid

38
Q

What are chondroitins and keratin sulate?

A

Make up tendons, cartilage, and other connective tissues

39
Q

What is dermatan sulfate?

A

Extracellular matrix of skin

40
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Sugars attached to proteins

41
Q

What are O-linked saccharides?

A

Attached to the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine

42
Q

What are N-linked saccharides?

A

Attached via amide nitrogen of asparagine residues

43
Q

What is a lipopolysaccharide?

A

Lipid group joined to a polysaccharide

44
Q

What coats the other membrane of gram-negative bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

45
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Glycoproteins whose carbohydrates are mostly glycosaminoglycans O-linked to serine residues

46
Q

What makes up bacterial cell walls?

A

Peptidoglycan

47
Q

Describe D-Ribose:

A

H-C=O
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
CH2OH
Right, Right, Right

48
Q

Describe D-Glyceraldehyde:

A

H-C=O
H-C-OH
CH2OH
Right

49
Q

Describe D-Glucose:

A

H-C=O
H-C-OH
HO-C-H
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
CH2OH
Right, Left, Right, Right

50
Q

Describe D-Mannose:

A

H-C=O
HO-C-H
HO-C-H
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
CH2OH
Left, Left, Right, Right

51
Q

Describe D-Galactose:

A

H-C=O
H-C-OH
HO-C-H
HO-C-H
H-C-OH
CH2OH
Right, Left, Left, Right

52
Q

Describe Dihydroxyacetone:

A

CH2OH
C=O
CH2OH

53
Q

Describe D-Ribulose:

A

CH2OH
C=O
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
CH2OH

54
Q

Describe D-Fructose:

A

CH2OH
C=O
HO-C-H
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
CH2OH

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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