Chapter 8 Flashcards by Logan Baker

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

(CH2O)n

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What is a monosaccharide?

Simple sugar (one residue)

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What is an oligosaccharide?

2-10 simple sugar residues

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What is a polysaccharide?

Polymer of simple sugars

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What is an aldose?

monosaccharide with a carbonyl group on the endmost Carbon

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What is a ketose?

monosaccharide with a ketose group on the endmost carbon (COCH2OH)

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How many carbons are needed for each monosaccharide to be considered chiral?

Aldose: 3C or more
Ketose: 4C or more

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What carbon is stereochemistry of a monosaccharide determined with?

Highest numbered or lowest chiral carbon – one closest to CH2OH group

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What are the two sterochemistry designations of monosaccharides?

D (OH is on the right)
L (OH is on the left)

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What sterochemical designation of sugars predominates in nature?

D sugars

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What is a stereoisomer?

Compounds that only differ in spatial arrangement of atoms – same chemical formula

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What is an enantiomer?

Nonsuperimposeable mirror images (D vs L)

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What is a diastereomer?

Stereoisomers (same chemical formula, different arrangement) that aren’t mirror images

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What is an epimer?

Diastereomer (different arrangements of same chemical formula that aren’t mirror images) that only differ at a single stereocenter

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What is the difference between a hemiacetal and hemiketal?

Hemiacetal - H
Hemiketal - R group

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How do you form a hemiacetal? Hemiketal?

Alcohol + Aldehyde = Hemiacetal
Alcohol + Ketone = Hemiketal

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What is a reducing sugar?

Sugar with a free aldehyde group

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What is the function of acetals and ketals in sugars?

Links multiple monosaccharides together (two R group connections)

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What is the reaction that forms glycosidic bonds?

Condensation Reaction

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What type of glycosidic bond is hard for the body to break?

Beta

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What is the difference between homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides?

Homopolysaccharides consist of repeating single sugar
Heteropolysaccharide consist of multiple sugars

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Starch and glycogen are _____ molecules

Storage

Chitin and Cellulose are _____ molecules

Structural

What is starch?

Glucose storage in plants

What is amylose?

Form of starch that is glucose with alpha-1,4 links and one reducing end (one long chain)

What is amylopectin?

Form of starch that has alpha-1,6 branches every 12-30 molecules

What is glycogen?

Glucose storage in animals

What is the structure of glycogen?

Glucose linearly bound alpha-1,4 but has Alpha-1,6 branches every 8-12 residues

Is amylopectin or glycogen more tightly packed?

Glycogen; every 8-12 residues compared to 12-30 for amylopectin

What is the worlds most abundant natural polymer?

Cellulose

What is cellulose?

Structural polysaccharide of plants

What makes up cellulose?

Glucose bonded by Beta-1,4 linkages

What is chitin?

Structural polysaccharide of crustaceans, insects, spiders, and fungal cell wells

What is the structural difference of chitin compared to cellulose?

Carbon 2 has N-acetyl group (NHC(O)CH3)

What are glycosaminglycans?

Linear chains of repeating disaccharides

What is heparin?

Natural anticoagulent

What is hyaluronates?

Vitreous human and synovial fluid

What are chondroitins and keratin sulate?

Make up tendons, cartilage, and other connective tissues

What is dermatan sulfate?

Extracellular matrix of skin

What are glycoproteins?

Sugars attached to proteins

What are O-linked saccharides?

Attached to the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine

What are N-linked saccharides?

Attached via amide nitrogen of asparagine residues

What is a lipopolysaccharide?

Lipid group joined to a polysaccharide

What coats the other membrane of gram-negative bacteria?

Lipopolysaccharide

What are proteoglycans?

Glycoproteins whose carbohydrates are mostly glycosaminoglycans O-linked to serine residues

What makes up bacterial cell walls?

Peptidoglycan

Describe D-Ribose:

H-C=O H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH Right, Right, Right

Describe D-Glyceraldehyde:

H-C=O H-C-OH CH2OH Right

Describe D-Glucose:

H-C=O H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH Right, Left, Right, Right

Describe D-Mannose:

H-C=O HO-C-H HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH Left, Left, Right, Right

Describe D-Galactose:

H-C=O H-C-OH HO-C-H HO-C-H H-C-OH CH2OH Right, Left, Left, Right

Describe Dihydroxyacetone:

CH2OH C=O CH2OH

Describe D-Ribulose:

CH2OH C=O H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH

Describe D-Fructose:

CH2OH C=O HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH