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Biochemistry > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process that converts DNA into RNA?

A

Transcription

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2
Q

What is the process that converts RNA into proteins?

A

Translation

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3
Q

What is the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleoside?

A

A nucleoside does not contain a phosphate group (only sugar and base)

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4
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of?

A

Sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate

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5
Q

What is the difference between Ribose and Deoxyribose?

A

Ribose has a 2’ OH – Deoxyribose only has a 2’ H’s

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6
Q

What is more stable: DNA or RNA? Why?

A

DNA; the 2’ OH on RNA makes it much more unstable than DNA that only has 2’ H’s

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7
Q

List the pyrimidines:

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

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8
Q

List the purines:

A

Adenine
Guanine

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9
Q

What is the structural difference between purines and pyrimidines?

A

Pyrimidines are a single-ring, purines are a double-ring

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10
Q

Describe Adenine:

A

Double nitrogenous ring with a primary amine on carbon 6

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11
Q

Describe Guanine:

A

A double nitrogenous ring with a primary amine on carbon 2 and a carbonyl on carbon 6 that has caused the double bond to be removed and Nitrogen 1 to be protonated

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12
Q

Describe Cytosine:

A

Single nitrogenous ring with a primary amine on carbon 4 and a carbonyl on carbon 2 (losing the double bond with nitrogen 1)

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13
Q

Describe Uracil:

A

Single nitrogenous ring with a carbonyl on carbon 2 and 4, and a protonated nitrogen 3 between them

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14
Q

Describe Thymine:

A

Single nitrogenous ring with a carbonyl on carbon 2 and 4, a protonated nitrogen 3, and a methyl on carbon 5
**Uracil with a methyl

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15
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between Adenine and Thymine?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between Guanine and Cytosine?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

17
Q

What tautomer dominates for the nitrogenous bases?

A

Keto

18
Q

Why is ATP to ADP a spontaneous reaction?

A

Losses a larger leaving group
ATP has more limited resonance

19
Q

What supplies chemical energy?

A

Phosphoanhydride bonds

20
Q

What does ATP supply energy for?

A

Metabolism

21
Q

What does GTP supply energy for?

A

Protein synthesis

22
Q

What does CTP supply energy for?

A

Lipid synthesis

23
Q

What does UTP supply energy for?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism

24
Q

How are nucleic acids read and put together?

A

5’ –> 3’

25
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Antiparallel double helix

26
Q

What type of helix is DNA?

A

Right-handed

27
Q

What is the diameter of DNA?

A

2 nm

28
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A

Semi-conservative

29
Q

What prevents tRNA hydrolysis?

A

Cloverlike structure from 3 hairpin loops

30
Q

What bond holds together protein chains (amino acids)?

A

Peptide bonds

31
Q

How are new amino acids added to an existing chain in a ribosome?

A

The new amino acid NH3 binds to the existing carboxylic acid

32
Q

What is the function of restriction endonuclease?

A

Cleave DNA at specific sites

33
Q

What DNA technique creates sticky and blunt ends? What is the difference between the two?

A

Restriction endonuclease
Sticky ends have an overhang, blunt ends are flat

34
Q

What is the function of gel electrophoresis?

A

Separate DNA by size

35
Q

Explain how gel electrophoresis works:

A

DNA is loaded into a gel and moves toward the positively charged electrode – smaller segments moving faster

36
Q

What charge does DNA have? Why?

A

Negative
Phosphate group

37
Q

What is the function of Sanger sequencing?

A

Sequence the specific base pairs from a strand of DNA

38
Q

How does Sanger sequencing work?

A

Some normal nucleic acids and some fluorescing ones are added with a template plus primer; the nucleic acids are added and stop when they get a fluorescing one which creates different sizes that can be read to tell us the specific amino acid sequence

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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