Chapter 1

Question 1

What four elements make up the majority of the human body?

Answer 1

Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen

Question 2

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 2

A reaction that releases water to form two molecules into one

Question 3

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 3

A reaction that uses water to break a molecule into two smaller molecules

Question 4

What is the monomer of protein?

Answer 4

Amino Acid

Question 5

What is the monomer of nucleic acid?

Answer 5

Nucleotide

Question 6

What is the monomer of complex carbohydrates?

Answer 6

Monosaccharides (simple carbohydrates)

Question 7

What major biomolecule does not form polymers?

Answer 7

Lipids

Question 8

What do enzymes not work on?

Answer 8

Unfavored reactions; because they do not thermodynamically change the reaction

Question 9

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

Answer 9

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can change form and/or location

Question 10

What is enthalphy?

Answer 10

Total heat content

Question 11

When is a reaction exothermic?

Answer 11

When ΔH is negative and it releases energy

Question 12

When is a reaction endothermic?

Answer 12

When ΔH is positive and it absorbs energy

Question 13

When is a reaction isothermic?

Answer 13

When ΔH = 0

Question 14

If a reaction is exothermic, what does it do to energy?

Answer 14

Releases

Question 15

If a reaction is endothermic, what does it do to energy?

Answer 15

Absorbs

Question 16

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

Answer 16

Disorder of the universe always increases

Question 17

How will systems arrange themself?

Answer 17

To gain freedom and lose restriction

Question 18

What is entropy?

Answer 18

measure of the disorder in a system

Question 19

What entropy does an ordered state have?

Answer 19

Low entropy

Question 20

What entropy does a disordered state have?

Answer 20

High entropy

Question 21

What does a negative ΔS mean?

Answer 21

The system loses freedom

Question 22

What does a positive ΔS mean

Answer 22

The system gains freedom

Question 23

What does Gibbs Free Energy show?

Answer 23

Whether a reaction will occur

Question 24

What is the equation for ΔG at a constant pressure and temperature?

Answer 24

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

Question 25

How do enzymes affect Gibbs's free energy?

Answer 25

Doesn't change due to enzymes not affecting the thermodynamics of the reaction

Question 26

What does a negative ΔG tell us?

Answer 26

Reaction is spontaneous and exergonic (releases energy)

Question 27

What does a positive ΔG tell us?

Answer 27

Reaction is nonspontaneous and endergonic (absorbs energy)

Question 28

What does a ΔG = 0 tell us?

Answer 28

Reaction is at equilibrium

Question 29

What is the ΔG if a reaction is spontaneous?

Answer 29

Negative

Question 30

What is the ΔG if a reaction is nonspontanous?

Answer 30

Positive

Question 31

What is the result of a reaction with the following conditions: ΔH = - ΔS = +

Answer 31

The reaction is both enthalpically favored (exothermic) and entropically favored. It is spontaneous (exergonic) at all temperatures.

Question 32

What is the result of a reaction with the following conditions: ΔH = - ΔS = -

Answer 32

The reaction is enthalpically favored but entropically opposed. It is spontaneous only at temperatures below T = ΔH/ΔS

Question 33

What is the result of a reaction with the following conditions: ΔH = + ΔS = +

Answer 33

The reaction is enthalpically opposed (endothermic) but entropically favored. It is spontaneous only at temperatures above T = ΔH/ΔS

Question 34

What is the result of a reaction with the following conditions: ΔH = + ΔS = -

Answer 34

The reaction is both enthalpically and entropically opposed. It is nonspontaneous (endergonic) at all temperatures.

Question 35

What are the standard conditions for ΔGº?

Answer 35

25º C 1 atm [solutes] = 1.0M

Question 36

What is the equilibrium constant equal to?

Answer 36

[C]^c * [D]^d / [A]^a * [B]^b

Question 37

What is ΔGº equal to at equilibrium?

Answer 37

ΔGº = -RTln(k)

Question 38

What is the equation for a Van't Hoff Plot?

Answer 38

ln(k) = -ΔHº/R (1/T) + ΔSº/R

Question 39

What do coupled reactions allow for?

Answer 39

Thermodynamically unfavorable reactions that would not occur on their own