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Biochemistry > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What four elements make up the majority of the human body?

A

Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen

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2
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction that releases water to form two molecules into one

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3
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction that uses water to break a molecule into two smaller molecules

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4
Q

What is the monomer of protein?

A

Amino Acid

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5
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotide

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6
Q

What is the monomer of complex carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides (simple carbohydrates)

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7
Q

What major biomolecule does not form polymers?

A

Lipids

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8
Q

What do enzymes not work on?

A

Unfavored reactions; because they do not thermodynamically change the reaction

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9
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

A

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can change form and/or location

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10
Q

What is enthalphy?

A

Total heat content

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11
Q

When is a reaction exothermic?

A

When ΔH is negative and it releases energy

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12
Q

When is a reaction endothermic?

A

When ΔH is positive and it absorbs energy

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13
Q

When is a reaction isothermic?

A

When ΔH = 0

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14
Q

If a reaction is exothermic, what does it do to energy?

A

Releases

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15
Q

If a reaction is endothermic, what does it do to energy?

A

Absorbs

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16
Q

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

A

Disorder of the universe always increases

17
Q

How will systems arrange themself?

A

To gain freedom and lose restriction

18
Q

What is entropy?

A

measure of the disorder in a system

19
Q

What entropy does an ordered state have?

A

Low entropy

20
Q

What entropy does a disordered state have?

A

High entropy

21
Q

What does a negative ΔS mean?

A

The system loses freedom

22
Q

What does a positive ΔS mean

A

The system gains freedom

23
Q

What does Gibbs Free Energy show?

A

Whether a reaction will occur

24
Q

What is the equation for ΔG at a constant pressure and temperature?

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

25
Q

How do enzymes affect Gibbs’s free energy?

A

Doesn’t change due to enzymes not affecting the thermodynamics of the reaction

26
Q

What does a negative ΔG tell us?

A

Reaction is spontaneous and exergonic (releases energy)

27
Q

What does a positive ΔG tell us?

A

Reaction is nonspontaneous and endergonic (absorbs energy)

28
Q

What does a ΔG = 0 tell us?

A

Reaction is at equilibrium

29
Q

What is the ΔG if a reaction is spontaneous?

A

Negative

30
Q

What is the ΔG if a reaction is nonspontanous?

A

Positive

31
Q

What is the result of a reaction with the following conditions:
ΔH = -
ΔS = +

A

The reaction is both enthalpically favored (exothermic) and entropically favored. It is spontaneous (exergonic) at all temperatures.

32
Q

What is the result of a reaction with the following conditions:
ΔH = -
ΔS = -

A

The reaction is enthalpically favored but entropically opposed. It is spontaneous only at temperatures below T = ΔH/ΔS

33
Q

What is the result of a reaction with the following conditions:
ΔH = +
ΔS = +

A

The reaction is enthalpically opposed (endothermic) but entropically favored. It is spontaneous only at temperatures above T = ΔH/ΔS

34
Q

What is the result of a reaction with the following conditions:
ΔH = +
ΔS = -

A

The reaction is both enthalpically and entropically opposed. It is nonspontaneous (endergonic) at all temperatures.

35
Q

What are the standard conditions for ΔGº?

A

25º C
1 atm
[solutes] = 1.0M

36
Q

What is the equilibrium constant equal to?

A

[C]^c * [D]^d / [A]^a * [B]^b

37
Q

What is ΔGº equal to at equilibrium?

A

ΔGº = -RTln(k)

38
Q

What is the equation for a Van’t Hoff Plot?

A

ln(k) = -ΔHº/R (1/T) + ΔSº/R

39
Q

What do coupled reactions allow for?

A

Thermodynamically unfavorable reactions that would not occur on their own

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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