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Biochemistry > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolic labeling?

A

Use of a labeled substrate to follow it through the metabolic process

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2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Metabolic progress that captures energy

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3
Q

Is catabolism oxidative or reductive?

A

Oxidative

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4
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Metabolic process that uses energy to build biomolecules

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5
Q

Is anabolism oxidative or reductive?

A

Reductive

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6
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

Organism that synthesizes cellular constituents for simple precursors

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7
Q

What is a chemolithotroph?

A

Organism that oxidizes inorganics

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8
Q

What is a photoautotroph?

A

Organism that performs photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

Organism that oxidizes organics

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10
Q

What purpose do vitamins and minerals serve in metabolism?

A

Act as cofactors for proteins

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10
Q

What nutritional benefit is gained by consuming proteins?

A

Nitrogen and essential amino acids

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10
Q

What nutritional benefit is gained by consuming carbohydrates?

A

Energy and nucleotides

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11
Q

What nutritional benefit is gained by consuming lipids?

A

Energy, membrane components, and signaling molecules

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12
Q

What is metabolism centered around?

A

Electron transfer

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13
Q

What is the most oxidized state of carbon? least oxidized?

A

Most oxidized: CO2
Least oxidized: CH4

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14
Q

What is the ∆G of most metabolic reactions?

A

∆G = 0

15
Q

What are the (4) ways to regulate metabolism?

A

Allosteric regulation (negative feedback loop)
Covalent modification
Substrate Cycles
Genetic Control

16
Q

What stabilizes high-energy phosphates?

A

Resonance, electrostatics, and solvation

17
Q

What is the energy difference between ATP and GTP?

A

None, they are energetically equal

18
Q

What makes up AcetylCoA?

A

ATP, Pantothenic acid residue, beta-mercapto ethylamine residue, acetyl group

19
Q

What is a common high-energy thioester in the body?

A

Coenzyme A

20
Q

What is the overall reaction for the oxidation of glucose?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6 H2O

21
Q

What is the ∆G for the oxidation of glucose?

A

∆G.= -2850 kJ/mol

22
Q

Why is metabolism slow and step-wise?

A

Efficiency. Catching energy that would normally be lost as heat

23
Q

What type of reaction forms NADH from NAD+?

A

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

24
Q

What makes up NAD?

A

Adenosine, D-Ribose, and Nicotinamide

25
Q

What is the structure of FAD?

A

Three rings with nitrogens holding H+ charges to convert to FADH or FADH2

26
Q

What is ∆Eº’?

A

Standard reduction potential under standard state conditions

27
Q

What does a more positive ∆Eº’ mean?

A

More likely to accept electrons, be an oxidizing agent, and to be reduced

28
Q

A negative ∆Eº’ gives what ∆G?

A

Negative ∆Eº’ gives negative ∆G

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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