Chapter 14 Flashcards
What is metabolic labeling?
Use of a labeled substrate to follow it through the metabolic process
What is catabolism?
Metabolic progress that captures energy
Is catabolism oxidative or reductive?
Oxidative
What is anabolism?
Metabolic process that uses energy to build biomolecules
Is anabolism oxidative or reductive?
Reductive
What is an autotroph?
Organism that synthesizes cellular constituents for simple precursors
What is a chemolithotroph?
Organism that oxidizes inorganics
What is a photoautotroph?
Organism that performs photosynthesis
What is a heterotroph?
Organism that oxidizes organics
What purpose do vitamins and minerals serve in metabolism?
Act as cofactors for proteins
What nutritional benefit is gained by consuming proteins?
Nitrogen and essential amino acids
What nutritional benefit is gained by consuming carbohydrates?
Energy and nucleotides
What nutritional benefit is gained by consuming lipids?
Energy, membrane components, and signaling molecules
What is metabolism centered around?
Electron transfer
What is the most oxidized state of carbon? least oxidized?
Most oxidized: CO2
Least oxidized: CH4
What is the ∆G of most metabolic reactions?
∆G = 0
What are the (4) ways to regulate metabolism?
Allosteric regulation (negative feedback loop)
Covalent modification
Substrate Cycles
Genetic Control
What stabilizes high-energy phosphates?
Resonance, electrostatics, and solvation
What is the energy difference between ATP and GTP?
None, they are energetically equal
What makes up AcetylCoA?
ATP, Pantothenic acid residue, beta-mercapto ethylamine residue, acetyl group
What is a common high-energy thioester in the body?
Coenzyme A
What is the overall reaction for the oxidation of glucose?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6 H2O
What is the ∆G for the oxidation of glucose?
∆G.= -2850 kJ/mol
Why is metabolism slow and step-wise?
Efficiency. Catching energy that would normally be lost as heat
What type of reaction forms NADH from NAD+?
Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
What makes up NAD?
Adenosine, D-Ribose, and Nicotinamide
What is the structure of FAD?
Three rings with nitrogens holding H+ charges to convert to FADH or FADH2
What is ∆Eº’?
Standard reduction potential under standard state conditions
What does a more positive ∆Eº’ mean?
More likely to accept electrons, be an oxidizing agent, and to be reduced
A negative ∆Eº’ gives what ∆G?
Negative ∆Eº’ gives negative ∆G
