Chapter 9

Question 1

Zygote

Answer 1

A fertilized ovum (egg cell, singular)

Question 2

Amniotic sac

Answer 2

A sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus

Question 3

Placenta

Answer 3

A membrane that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and her developing child but does not allow the maternal and fetal bloodstreams to mix

Question 4

Reflexes

Answer 4

A simple inborn response to a stimulus

Question 5

Rooting

Answer 5

Also called sucking. The turning of an infant’s head toward a touch, such as by the mother’s nipple

Question 6

motor development

Answer 6

progression from simple acts like lifting the head to running around

Question 7

Fixation time

Answer 7

The amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus

Question 8

Assimilation

Answer 8

According to Piaget, the inclusion of a new event into an existing schema. Ex: a child assimilating to a new toy by sucking on it

Question 9

Accommodation

Answer 9

According to Piaget, the modification of schemas so that info inconsistent with existing schemas can be integrated or understood. Ex: children learning biology realize whales don’t fall under “fish” schema. Mammals

Question 10

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 10

The first of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, characterized by coordination of sensory information and motor activity, early exploration of the environment, and lack of language

Question 11

preoperational stage

Answer 11

The second of Piaget’s stages, characterized by illogical use of words and symbols, spotty logic, and egocentrism. Ex: same amount water in diff. containers believed to be diff amounts

Question 12

concrete operational stage

Answer 12

Piaget’s third stage, characterized by logical thought concerning tangible objects, conservation, and subjective morality

Question 13

Zone of proximal development

Answer 13

Lev Vygotsky’s idea- the range of tasks a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled

Question 14

The preconventional level

Answer 14

According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgements are based largely on expectation of rewards or punishments. Kids through the age of 9

Question 15

The conventional level

Answer 15

According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgements largely reflect social conventions; a “law and order” approach to morality

Question 16

The postconventional level

Answer 16

According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgements are derived from moral principles and people look to themselves to set moral standards

Question 17

Contact comfort

Answer 17

A hypothesized primary drive to seek physical comfort through contact with another

Question 18

Critical period

Answer 18

A period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus (children organizing language)

Question 19

Imprinting

Answer 19

organism responds to a stimulus in a manner that will afterward be difficult to modify (following mother duck)

Question 20

Authoritative parents

Answer 20

Parents who are strict and warm; authoritative parents demand mature behavior but use reason rather than force in discipline

Question 21

Authoritarian parents

Answer 21

Parents who are rigid in their rules and who demand obedience for the sake of obedience

Question 22

Permissive parents

Answer 22

Parents who impose few, if any, rules and who do not supervise their children closely

Question 23

Uninvolved parents

Answer 23

Parents who generally leave their children to themselves

Question 24

Adolescence

Answer 24

The period of life bounded by puberty and the assumption of adult responsibilities

Question 25

Emerging adulthood

Answer 25

period of development usually form 18-25, people in this stage usually attend college, sort out identity probs and create life plans

Question 26

early adulthood

Answer 26

in the best shape

Question 27

middle adulthood

Answer 27

coordination and strength begins to weaken

Question 28

late adulthood

Answer 28

weakness and sickness