Chapter 9 Flashcards
Zygote
A fertilized ovum (egg cell, singular)
Amniotic sac
A sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus
Placenta
A membrane that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and her developing child but does not allow the maternal and fetal bloodstreams to mix
Reflexes
A simple inborn response to a stimulus
Rooting
Also called sucking. The turning of an infant’s head toward a touch, such as by the mother’s nipple
motor development
progression from simple acts like lifting the head to running around
Fixation time
The amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus
Assimilation
According to Piaget, the inclusion of a new event into an existing schema. Ex: a child assimilating to a new toy by sucking on it
Accommodation
According to Piaget, the modification of schemas so that info inconsistent with existing schemas can be integrated or understood. Ex: children learning biology realize whales don’t fall under “fish” schema. Mammals
Sensorimotor stage
The first of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, characterized by coordination of sensory information and motor activity, early exploration of the environment, and lack of language
preoperational stage
The second of Piaget’s stages, characterized by illogical use of words and symbols, spotty logic, and egocentrism. Ex: same amount water in diff. containers believed to be diff amounts
concrete operational stage
Piaget’s third stage, characterized by logical thought concerning tangible objects, conservation, and subjective morality
Zone of proximal development
Lev Vygotsky’s idea- the range of tasks a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled
The preconventional level
According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgements are based largely on expectation of rewards or punishments. Kids through the age of 9
The conventional level
According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgements largely reflect social conventions; a “law and order” approach to morality
The postconventional level
According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgements are derived from moral principles and people look to themselves to set moral standards
Contact comfort
A hypothesized primary drive to seek physical comfort through contact with another
Critical period
A period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus (children organizing language)
Imprinting
organism responds to a stimulus in a manner that will afterward be difficult to modify (following mother duck)
Authoritative parents
Parents who are strict and warm; authoritative parents demand mature behavior but use reason rather than force in discipline
Authoritarian parents
Parents who are rigid in their rules and who demand obedience for the sake of obedience
Permissive parents
Parents who impose few, if any, rules and who do not supervise their children closely
Uninvolved parents
Parents who generally leave their children to themselves
Adolescence
The period of life bounded by puberty and the assumption of adult responsibilities
Emerging adulthood
period of development usually form 18-25, people in this stage usually attend college, sort out identity probs and create life plans
early adulthood
in the best shape
middle adulthood
coordination and strength begins to weaken
late adulthood
weakness and sickness
