Chapter 1

Question 1

Fields of psychology

Answer 1

clinical, school, developmental, personality, social, environmental, industrial, health, forensic, and sport

Question 2

Historical Foundation

Answer 2

Socrates “know thy self”, Aristotle “human behavior like stars and sea, subject to rules and laws”, Democritus “behavior in terms of body and mind”

Question 3

Structuralism

Answer 3

mind consists of 3 basic elements; sensations, feelings, and images that combine form experience

Question 4

Functionalism

Answer 4

emphasizes the functions of the mind rather than the elements of experience

Question 5

Behavioralism

Answer 5

study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses

Question 6

Biological Perspective

Answer 6

links between biological processes and structures; functioning of the brain, endocrine system, and heredity; behavior and mental processes

Question 7

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 7

understand human nature through ways we perceive and mentally represent the world

Question 8

Social Cognitive Theorists

Answer 8

a school of psychology in the behaviorist tradition that includes cognitive factors in the explanation and prediction of behavior

Question 9

Sociocultural Perspective

Answer 9

view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental process

Question 10

Case Study

Answer 10

biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionaries, and psychological tests

Question 11

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 11

scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments

Question 12

Correlational Method

Answer 12

mathematical method of determining whether one variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases

Question 13

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 13

a number between +1.00 and -1.00. that expresses the strength and directions of the relationship between two variables

Question 14

Independent Variable

Answer 14

manipulated so that it’s effects may be observed (alcohol)

Question 15

Dependent variable

Answer 15

a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable (consumers of alcohol)

Question 16

informed consent

Answer 16

agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study. and the nature of the treatments

Question 17

Debriefing

Answer 17

explain the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant

Question 18

Animal Research

Answer 18

animals may only be harmed when there is no alternative and when believed the benefits of research justify the harm