Chapter 7 Flashcards
prototype
most typical instance of a particular concept (basic)
exemplars
individual instances of a concept , held in memory
algorithm
a specific procedure for solving a type of problem (correct)
heuristics
rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems (not always correct, just fast)
means-end analysis
heuristic device in which we try and solve a problem by evaluating the difference between the current situation and the goal
representativeness heuristic
Judge probability of an event based on how it matches a prototype
availability heuristic
Judge probability of an event by how easily you can recall previous occurrences of that event
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
good deal of inertia in our judgements
framing
decisions are being influenced by the way a question is posed
ex: we are more likely to be conservative when weighing 2 potential gains, and more likely to take risks when weighing 2 potential loses
semanticity
words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas
infinite creativity
combine words into original sentences
displacement
communicate information about objects and events in another place and time
linguistic relativity hypothesis
the proposition that the language we use determines how we think and perceive the world
AKA Whorfian hypothesis (because developed by Whorf)
holophrase
single word used to express complex meanings
over regularization
use of regular grammatical rules for forming past tense plurals to irregular verbs and nouns
psycholinguistic theory
language learning involves interaction between environment and natural tendency to acquire language
language acquisition device
Chomsky’s concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally.
primary mental abilities
Seven basic mental abilities that Thurstone believed constitute intelligence.
multiple intelligences
Gardner’s term for the distinct types of intelligence that characterize different forms of intelligent behavior.
triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg’s theory of intelligence that posits three aspects of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical.
Divergent thinking
The ability to conceive of new ways of viewing situations and new uses for familiar objects.
convergent thinking
The attempt to narrow down a range of alternatives to converge on the one correct answer to a problem.
mental age
A representation of a person’s intelligence based on the age of people who are capable of performing at the same level of ability.
