Chapter 5

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Question 2

classic conditioning

Answer 2

learning that happens unconsciously, due to pair with specific stimuli

Question 3

extinction

Answer 3

lose their ability to evoke leaned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur

Question 4

spontaneous recovery

Answer 4

reoccurrence of the extinguished response as a function of the passage of time

Question 5

generalization

Answer 5

transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus

Question 6

discrimination

Answer 6

the process by which organisms learn to respond to one certain stimuli but not to others

Question 7

high-order conditioning

Answer 7

is a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus of one experiment acts as the unconditioned stimulus of another (dog responding to light now)

Question 8

taste aversion

Answer 8

a classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food.

Question 9

biological preparedness

Answer 9

in learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.

Question 10

counterconditioning

Answer 10

fear reduction tech which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear evoking stimuli so that the fear evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities

Question 11

systematic desensitization

Answer 11

fear evoking stimuli is slowly brought into proximity to organism, but organism has to stay calm

Question 12

operate conditioning

Answer 12

the basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response. (gain rewards- avoid consequences)

Question 13

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 13

a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a present time interval has elapsed. (paycheck)

Question 14

variable-interval schedule

Answer 14

a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trail to trail. only say good job after every 50-60 mins

Question 15

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 15

a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses has occurred.

Question 16

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 16

a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably form trail to trail.

Question 17

behavior modification

Answer 17

the application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors.

Question 18

shaping

Answer 18

procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior

Question 19

observational learning

Answer 19

learning that occurs through observing the actions of others.