Chapter 9 Flashcards
Development
Process of change that occurs throughout life physically, psychologically, and socioemotionally
Nature
The impact of biology and genes on development
Nurture
The impact of a person’s environment and experiences on their development
Resilience
The ability to recover, adapt and adjust to challenges and difficulties
Preferential looking
Is a research technique used to study what infants look at and distinguish
Assimilation
The first process proposed by Piaget responsible for how schemas are developed
Processing of and incorporating new information to exisisting schema without changing the existing schema
Accommodation
New information results in an adjustment to existing schema
Sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development. Based on sensation and movement from age birth to about 2 years
Object performance
The main understanding an infant should reach during sensorimotor stage: understanding that objects continue to exist even if they are removed from their sight
Preoperational stage
Second stage in cognitive development. Ages 2 to 7 years, thought is more symbolic but still limited
Concrete operational stage
Third stage. Ages 7 to 11 years, children are using logical reasoning in concrete situation
Formal operational stage
Final stage. Ages 11 to 15 years and beyond, features more abstract thinking
Executive function
Refers to higher-order cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving. This includes understanding that others have their own mental states
Temperament
A person’s overall behavior style and the way they react to a situation
Infant attachment
The emotional bond formed between an infant and caregivers
Secure attachment
A form of attachment characterized by an ability to rely on and respond securely to their caregiver
Insecure attachment
A form of attachment characterized by an instability in interactions between infants and caregivers
Authoritarian parenting
A form of parenting characterized by rigid and punitive behaviors by the parent to ensure the child obeys
Authoritative parenting
A form of parenting characterized by parent support and encouragement, along with limits
Neglectful parenting
A form of parenting characterized by a lack of parental involvement
Permissive parenting
A form of parenting characterized by few limits in child behavior
Prosocial behavior
Is behavior that helps or benefits others
Puberty
Period of rapid physical and sexual development in early adolescence
Androgens
Sex hormones found in most males
Estrogens
Sex hormones found in most females
Emerging adulthood
The transitional period from adolescence to adulthood
Wisdom
The knowledge gained throughout life experiences that help with the practice aspects of life
Cellular clock theory
As a person ages their cells become incapable of dividing
Free radical theory
Unstable molecules that destroy DNA and other cellular structures
Hormonal stress theory
Stress hormones linger longer
Vygotsky’s
Sociocultural cognitive theory and information processing theory
Kohlberg
Proposed a cognitive theory of moral development with three levels. Pre conventional, conventional, and post conventional
What triggers puberty?
Hormonal changes
