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Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuroscience

A

Study of the body’s electrochemical communication circuity

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2
Q

Nerves carry information through

A

Afferent and efferent

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3
Q

Afferent

A

Body to the brain and spinal cord. Communicates external information from their sensory receptors

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4
Q

Efferent

A

Brain and spinal cord to the body

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5
Q

The nervous system is?

A
  1. Complex
  2. Adaptable (plasticity)
  3. Integrated
    4 Uses electrochemical transmission
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6
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord. Also is what carries out the commands of the central nervous system

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7
Q

Peripheral (PNS)

A

Consists of the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Takes messages to internal organs. Regulates breathing, heart rate, and digestion

Comprised of both the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

To convey information from the skin and muscles to the central nervous system. It regulates information of pain and temperature

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10
Q

Sympathetic nervous system (Autonomic PNS)

A

Prepares a person for a stressful situation

(Fight or flight)

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11
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system (Autonomic PNS)

A

Calms the body down after a stressful situation

(Rest and digest)

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12
Q

Glial cells

A

Provide support and nutrition

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13
Q

Neurons

A

About 100 billion in the brain

Controls the information processing system

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14
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Specialized cells that respond to both sensory and motor

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15
Q

Neuron structure

A

Check PowerPoint

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16
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Is semipermeable and is responsible for insulation of the axon and also for the speed of the transmission

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17
Q

Neural impulse

A
  1. In order for a neuron to send information to another one the source neuron sends an electrical charge
  2. Inside the membrane of the axon are gated channels known as ion channels and they can open and close allowing ions out of the axon
  3. When neuron is at rest the ion channels are closed / when a neuron is inactive it is at a resting potential
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18
Q

Action potential

A

When the electrical impulses flow down the axon

The amount of charge has to hit the threshold in order to kick of the action potential

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19
Q

Neurons communicate with each other through?

A

Chemicals (neurotransmitters) that carry messages across the spaces between them

Synapse is the name of the space between neurons

Neurotransmitters carry the information across the synaptic gaps

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20
Q

Drugs can?

A

Interfere with neurotransmitters. Drugs can also mimic or increase it

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21
Q

Neural networks

A

Develops across the years. Is an interconnected pathway of nerve cells. Integrates sensory input and motor output

They vary in shape and can be altered. The strength of connected neurons determines how well a person remembers information

They are not visible to the human eye

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22
Q

Scientist study brain lesioning because it allows them see neurons

A

Either if it occurs on a person naturally or they induce it on animals in order to study

They make brain lesions by removing or destroying brain tissue

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23
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Recording of brain activity. They can see many things in this such as disorders

Single-unit recording is used when a probe is inserted in or near and individual neuron

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24
Q

CT-Scan

A

Produces a 3 dimensional image that is obtained through x-rays of the head and is assembled into composite image by a computer. Provides information about structure but not about activity

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25
Q

PET Scan

A

Measures the amount of glucose in certain areas of the brain

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26
Q

MRI

A

Creates a magnetic field around the person’s body and uses a radio-wave to construct images of a person’s tissue and biochemical activities

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27
Q

fMRI

A

Can let us see what is happening in the brain while it is working

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28
Q

Hindbrain

A

The lowest portion of the brain. Connects the spinal cord with the rest of the brain

Regulates breathing, heart rate, arousal, and other basic survival functions

Consists of:
- Brain stem (medulla) (pons)
- Cerebellum

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29
Q

Medulla (Hindbrain)

A

Located on the brain stem. Responsible for controlling breathing

30
Q

Pons (Hindbrain)

A

Located on the brainstem. Responsible for sleep and arousal

31
Q

Cerebellum (Hindbrain)

A

Motor coordination

32
Q

Midbrain

A

Located between the hindbrain and forebrain. Processes what you see and hear and initiates voluntary movement

Consists of:
- Substantia Nigra
- Reticular formation

33
Q

Substantia Nigra (Midbrain)

A

Parkinson’s disease damages this structure. Located above the pons

34
Q

Recticular formation (Midbrain)

A

Involved in walking, sleeping or turning

35
Q

Forebrain

A

Controls cognitive sensory and motor function. Regulates emotion, body temperature, sleeping, and reproductive function

Consists of the:
- Limbic system
- Hippocampus
- Thalamus
- Basal ganglia
- Hypothalamus

36
Q

Limbic system (Forebrain)

A

Memory and emotion

37
Q

Hippocamus (Forebrain)

A

Involved in memories

38
Q

Thalamus (Forebrain)

A

Relay station between lower and higher brain centers for sensory information

39
Q

Basal ganglia (Forebrain)

A

Coordination of voluntary movement

40
Q

Hypothalamus (Forebrain)

A

Eating, drinking, sexual behaviors, emotion, and stress

41
Q

The main difference of the brain across species is?

A

The size

42
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Controls some of the highest mental functioning such as thinking and planning

The outermost part is called the neocortex and makes up 80%

There are 4 lobes:
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal

43
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

44
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing and language

45
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Intelligence, voluntary muscles, and personality

Motor cortex is found here

46
Q

Parietal

A

Spacial location, attention, and motor control

Somatosensory cortex is found here

47
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Large bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the brain

48
Q

Specialization of the hemispheres

A

Left hemisphere: verbal processing, speech, and grammar

Right hemisphere: spatial perception, visual recognition, emotion

49
Q

Glands regulate the body by

A

Secreting hormones into the blood stream through chemical messengers. This is interconnected with the nervous system

50
Q

Recovery from brain damage depends on?

A

Age of the individual and the extent of the damage

51
Q

Ways to repair the damaged brain

A
  1. Collateral sprouting
  2. Substitution of function
  3. Neurogenesis
  4. Brain tissue grafts
52
Q

Genotype

A

A person’s genetic heritage

53
Q

Phenotype

A

A person’s observable characteristics. Both physical and psychological

54
Q

TMS

A

A brain imaging technique that allows researchers to make casual statements about brain activity and behavior. This is what causes virtual lesions

55
Q

EEG

A

Most effective in determining the electrical activity that might be seen during epileptic seizure. Records the brains electrical activity

56
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Specific region of the brain responsible for higher-order cognitive functions such as planning and reasoning

57
Q

Brocas area

A

In the left hemisphere. Is involved in control of speech

58
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Is responsible for understanding language

59
Q

Brain graft

A

Experimental procedure involving the implantation of healthy tissues into damaged regions of the brain

60
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Usually stimulates the firing of neurons and is involved in muscle action, learning, and memory. Also linked to Alzheimer’s disease

61
Q

GABA

A

Inhibits neurons from firing. It is like the body’s break pedal. Low levels of GABA are linked with anxiety

62
Q

Glutamate

A

It is the most prevalent. It is the brain’s accelerator. Too much glutamate can cause headaches, migraines, and seizures

63
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Stress stimulates norepinephrine. It inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system but also simultaneously excites the heart muscles, intestine, and urogenital tracts. Too little norepinephrine is associated with depression

64
Q

Dopamine

A

Helps control voluntary movements and affects sleep, mood, attention, and learning. Low levels of dopamine are associated with Parkinson’s disease

65
Q

Seratonin

A

Involved in the regulation of sleep, mood, attention, and learning. Low levels are associated with depression

66
Q

Endorphin

A

Natural opiates. Depress the nervous system and eliminate pain. Can elevate feelings of pleasure

67
Q

Oxytocin

A

Plays an important role in love and social bonding. Present in female lactation

68
Q

Four techniques that allow scientists to get a picture of the brain are

A
  1. CAT
  2. PET
  3. MRI
  4. fMRI
69
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Processes information about body sensations. It is located at the front of the partial lobes

70
Q

Motor cortex

A

At the rear of frontal lobes. Processes information about voluntary movement

Psychology (13 decks)

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