Chapter 8 Flashcards
Cognition
How we process information as we remember, think, and know
Artificial Intelligence
Focused on creating machines that can perform the tasks of humans that require cognition
Thinking
Manipulating information in order to perform cognitive tasks
Concepts
Manipulate information and create mental categories / concepts based on what the information is and how it relates to other information
Prototype model
Relating information to other type of information that might be similar in order to categorize it
Problem solving
Mental process used to find solutions to goals or problems
Subgoals
In problem solving subgoals are intermediate goals created to help find a solution or complete a goal
Algorithms
Strategies based on formulas that lead to a single answer to a problem
Heuristics
Shortcut strategies that might not provide the best answer
Fixation
Problem solver does not look at the problem from a new perspective
Functional fixedness
Solver remains fixed on one specific function
Reasoning
The processing of information to make a conclusion
Inductive reasoning
Occurs as a solution is found by making generalizations from specific observation
Deductive reasoning
Processing of general information to draw specific conclusions
Confirmation bias
When we look for information in an event that goes along with our ideas and ignore information that does not
Hindsight bias
When someone states that they knew something would happen as it did after it happens
Availability heuristic
A prediction about how probable something is based on the information readily available at that time
Base rate neglect
The tendency to ignore base information in favor of specific and more dramatic information
Representativeness heuristic
Used to make judgements about a specific based in a general idea. Stereotyping falls under this heuristic
Mindfulness
Occurs as someone is mentally aware of their thoughts and enviroment
Open-mindedness
Being open to information
Creativity
The ability to think beyond the usually expected thoughts or actions in a situation
Divergent thinking
Occurs as someone comes up with multiple solutions to a problem
Convergent thinking
Coming up with one best solution
Intelligence
The ability to solve problems, adapt, and learn
Mental age
The level of intelligence compared to what it should be at your age
Intelligence quotient
Formulaic method of measuring intelligence
Normal distribution
The bell-shaped curve showing where intelligence quotient scores fall
Culture-fair tests
Intelligence tests that are sensitive to differences in culture and do not present bias
Heritability
The proportion of differences observed in a group that are the result of the genes in each individual of the group
Gifted
Individuals who possess a higher-than-average IQ score and/or superior talent in some area
Intellectual disability / Intellectual development
Limited mental ability that impacts conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Proposes that there are three forms of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical
Language
Form of communication based on a system of symbols
Phonology
The basic sound system of a language
Morphology
The rules for word formation in a language
Syntax
The rules for combining words into phrases and sentences in a language
Cognitive appraisal
Occurs as one interprets events and experiences as dangerous in some way, and determines whether they have the resources to cope with them
Coping
The practice of managing a difficult situation in order to solve and reduce stress
Semantics
Meaning of words and sentences
Pragmatics
Use of language
Flynn effect
Intelligence scores have risen rapidly over the years
