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Psychology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

How we process information as we remember, think, and know

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2
Q

Artificial Intelligence

A

Focused on creating machines that can perform the tasks of humans that require cognition

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3
Q

Thinking

A

Manipulating information in order to perform cognitive tasks

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4
Q

Concepts

A

Manipulate information and create mental categories / concepts based on what the information is and how it relates to other information

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5
Q

Prototype model

A

Relating information to other type of information that might be similar in order to categorize it

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6
Q

Problem solving

A

Mental process used to find solutions to goals or problems

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7
Q

Subgoals

A

In problem solving subgoals are intermediate goals created to help find a solution or complete a goal

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8
Q

Algorithms

A

Strategies based on formulas that lead to a single answer to a problem

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9
Q

Heuristics

A

Shortcut strategies that might not provide the best answer

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10
Q

Fixation

A

Problem solver does not look at the problem from a new perspective

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11
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Solver remains fixed on one specific function

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12
Q

Reasoning

A

The processing of information to make a conclusion

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13
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Occurs as a solution is found by making generalizations from specific observation

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14
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Processing of general information to draw specific conclusions

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15
Q

Confirmation bias

A

When we look for information in an event that goes along with our ideas and ignore information that does not

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16
Q

Hindsight bias

A

When someone states that they knew something would happen as it did after it happens

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17
Q

Availability heuristic

A

A prediction about how probable something is based on the information readily available at that time

18
Q

Base rate neglect

A

The tendency to ignore base information in favor of specific and more dramatic information

19
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Used to make judgements about a specific based in a general idea. Stereotyping falls under this heuristic

20
Q

Mindfulness

A

Occurs as someone is mentally aware of their thoughts and enviroment

21
Q

Open-mindedness

A

Being open to information

22
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to think beyond the usually expected thoughts or actions in a situation

23
Q

Divergent thinking

A

Occurs as someone comes up with multiple solutions to a problem

24
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Coming up with one best solution

25
Q

Intelligence

A

The ability to solve problems, adapt, and learn

26
Q

Mental age

A

The level of intelligence compared to what it should be at your age

27
Q

Intelligence quotient

A

Formulaic method of measuring intelligence

28
Q

Normal distribution

A

The bell-shaped curve showing where intelligence quotient scores fall

29
Q

Culture-fair tests

A

Intelligence tests that are sensitive to differences in culture and do not present bias

30
Q

Heritability

A

The proportion of differences observed in a group that are the result of the genes in each individual of the group

31
Q

Gifted

A

Individuals who possess a higher-than-average IQ score and/or superior talent in some area

32
Q

Intellectual disability / Intellectual development

A

Limited mental ability that impacts conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills

33
Q

Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Proposes that there are three forms of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical

34
Q

Language

A

Form of communication based on a system of symbols

35
Q

Phonology

A

The basic sound system of a language

36
Q

Morphology

A

The rules for word formation in a language

37
Q

Syntax

A

The rules for combining words into phrases and sentences in a language

38
Q

Cognitive appraisal

A

Occurs as one interprets events and experiences as dangerous in some way, and determines whether they have the resources to cope with them

39
Q

Coping

A

The practice of managing a difficult situation in order to solve and reduce stress

40
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning of words and sentences

41
Q

Pragmatics

A

Use of language

42
Q

Flynn effect

A

Intelligence scores have risen rapidly over the years

Psychology (13 decks)

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