Chapter 6

Question 1

Acquisition

Answer 1

The first part of classical conditioning. The initial learning of the US and CS when the two stimuli are paired

Question 2

Classical conditioning helps explain what behavior?

Answer 2

Involuntary

Question 3

In order for classical conditioning to work what must be present?

Answer 3

Contiguity and contingency

Question 4

Contiguity

Answer 4

Both stimuli are presented close to each other regarding time

Question 5

Contingency

Answer 5

Must only be presented along with the unconditioned response and not at other times

Question 6

Generalization (Classical Conditioning)

Answer 6

A new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus that provokes a similar response

Question 7

Discrimination (Classical Conditioning)

Answer 7

Learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

Question 9

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

The lost response can recur

Question 10

Renewal

Answer 10

Recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a new setting

Question 11

What can break fears gained through classical condtioning

Answer 11

Therapies

Question 12

Counterconditioning

Answer 12

Changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response

Question 13

Aversive conditioning

Answer 13

Pairing a stimulus with other unpleasant stimulus. Uses electric shock, loud noises, and unpleasantness.

Question 14

Placebo effect

Answer 14

The effect of a substance

Question 15

Habituations

Answer 15

Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations

Question 16

Operant conditioning is also known as?

Answer 16

Instrumental

Question 17

Shaping

Answer 17

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior

Question 18

Reinforcement

Answer 18

The process by which a stimulus or event followed by a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

There are two types of reinforcements, negative and positive. Both of them are pleasant

Question 19

Positive reinforcement

Answer 19

Followed by a desirable stimulus

Question 20

Negative reinforcement

Answer 20

Followed by the removal of something undesirable

Question 21

Avoidance learning

Answer 21

The organism learns that by making a particular response a negative stimulus can be avoided

Question 22

Learned helplessness

Answer 22

The organism has learned that it has no control over negative actions

Question 23

Positive reinforcers can be classified as?

Answer 23

Primary or secondary

Question 24

Primary reinforcer

Answer 24

Does not require any learning

Question 25

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 25

Acquires its positive value through an organisms experience

Question 26

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 26

Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

Question 27

Positive punishment

Answer 27

Stimulus is given (spanking)

Question 28

Negative punishment

Answer 28

Stimulus is removed (time-out)

Question 29

Behavior modification

Answer 29

The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

Question 30

Processes of observational learning

Answer 30

1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor function
4. Reinforcement

Question 31

Latent learning / implicit learning

Answer 31

Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

Question 32

Insight learning

Answer 32

Form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution

Question 33

Fixed ratio

Answer 33

Reinforcement follows a set number of behaviors

Question 34

Variable ratio

Answer 34

Reinforcement follows a unpredictable number of behaviors