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Psychology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory is

A

The retention of information and experiences over time

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2
Q

The three processes involved in memory

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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3
Q

Encoding

A

The first step in the memory process. Gets information into storage

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4
Q

Storage

A

Retaining information over time

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

Taking information out of storage

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6
Q

Encoding requires?

A

Attention. But the attention must be selective

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7
Q

Memory is negatively influenced by?

A

Divided attention

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8
Q

Theory of levels processing / Levels of processing

A

Information is processed from shallow (sensory or physical features)
To intermediate (labels are attached to stimuli)
To deep (meaning of the stimuli and their associations with other stimuli are processed)

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9
Q

Deeper processing produces?

A

Better memory

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10
Q

Elaboration

A

Deeper processing when we make connections between new information and old

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11
Q

What can improve memory?

A

Using imagery, or mental pictures, as a context for information

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12
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

A

Describes memory as a three stage process: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long term memory

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13
Q

Sensory memory

A

Holds perceptions of the world for only an instance

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14
Q

Short term memory

A

This is information from sensory memory that is attended to and passed on to be short-term memory. Limited capacity and retains information for 30 seconds.

Can last longer if strategies are used

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15
Q

Working memory is a combination of?

A

Short term memory and attention

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16
Q

Long term memory

A

A relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long time

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17
Q

Long-term memory has two main components

A

Explicit and implicit memory

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18
Q

Explicit memory (Declarative)

A

The conscious recollection of information such as specific facts or events

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19
Q

Implicit memory (Nondeclarative)

A

Affects behavior through prior experiences that are not consciously recollected

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20
Q

Explicit memory has two dimensions

A

Episodic memory and semantic memory

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21
Q

Implicit memory is multidimensional

A

Includes systems for procedural memory, priming, and classical conditioning

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22
Q

Memories are not?

A

Stored in single locations of the brain

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23
Q

Memories are considered as?

A

Networks of neurons that represent pathways and that are activated when we remember

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24
Q

The areas of the brain that are active when we remember?

A

Depends on what we are remembering

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25
Q

Serial position effect

A

The tendency to recall items at the beginning and the end of a list better than the middle items

26
Q

Primacy effect

A

Tendency to recall items at the beginning of the list better than the middle item

27
Q

Recency effect

A

Tendency to remember the items at the end of the list better than the middle items

28
Q

Retrieval is easier when?

A

Effective cues are present

Another factor in effective retrieval is the nature of the retrieval task

29
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

Information present at the time of encoding in learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue

30
Q

Tip-of-the-tounge phenomenon

A

When we cannot pull something out of memory

31
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

A person’s recollections of his or her life experiences

32
Q

Autobiographical memory has three levels

A

Life time periods, general events, event-specific knowledge

33
Q

Emotional memories may be

A

Vivid and enduring

34
Q

Memory for personal trauma is

A

More accurate than memory for ordinary events but is subject to distortion and inaccuracy

35
Q

Personal trauma can cause individuals to?

A

Repress emotionally laden information so that it is not accessible to consciousness

36
Q

Repression

A

Forgetting a particularly troubling experience because it would be too upsetting to remeber

37
Q

Eyewitness testimony

A

May contain errors due to memory decay or bias

38
Q

Information can be attended to through?

A

Divided attention and sustained attention

39
Q

Divided attention

A

Trying to pay attention to more than one thing

40
Q

Sustained attention

A

Paying attention to something for a longer period of time

41
Q

Levels of processing

A

Indicates how deeply you are processing the information you are attending

42
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory that stores your life memories. Like an autobiographical

43
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memory that includes knowledge. (Studying for a test)

44
Q

Priming (Implicit)

A

The activation of information stored in memory to help remember new information better

45
Q

Memory is organized through?

A

Schema

46
Q

Schema

A

Preexisting mental concepts that help organize and interpret information from experience

Ex: A script is a schema for an event that provides information about what to expect and how to act

47
Q

Parallel distributed processing

A

Brain connections and neural networks work together to process each memory

48
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

An emotionally charged memory, often recalled vividly

49
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

Forgetting something very painful or fear-invoking because it is too unpleasant to remember

50
Q

Interference theory

A

People forget because other information gets in the way

51
Q

Proactive interference

A

Occurs when new information is disrupted by previously stored information

52
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New information disrupts previously stored information

53
Q

Decay theory

A

When you learn something a memory trace is created but over time and disuse it disintegrates

54
Q

Retrospective memory

A

Remembering information from the past

55
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering something that is going to happen in the future

56
Q

Amnesia

A

The loss of memory

57
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

An inability to retain new information in memory

58
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

An inability to remember some past memories but not new experiences

59
Q

Ways to improve short-term memory

A

Chunking and Rehearsal

60
Q

False memories

A

Failure to distinguish real memories from self-generated thoughts. A memory can be false even when we are confident it is vivid and clear

61
Q

Emotional memories consist of

A

Flashbulb memories, traumatic events, and repressed memories

62
Q

Study tips

A
  1. Give undivided attention
  2. Process deeply
  3. Make associations
  4. Use Imagery
  5. Use Chunking
  6. Encode early and often

Psychology (13 decks)

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