Chapter 9

Question 1

Ankylosis

Answer 1

abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones

Question 2

Blepharoptosis

Answer 2

drooping eyelid

Question 3

Contracture

Answer 3

A permanent tightening of the muscles, tendons, skin, and surrounding tissues that causes the joints to shorten and stiffen

Question 4

Crepitation

Answer 4

caused by tissues rubbing together in an abnormal way

Question 5

Dysphagia

Answer 5

difficulty in swallowing

Question 6

Embolism

Answer 6

Blockage in the arterial (oxygen rich blood which flows from the heart to rest of the body) or venous (which carry deoxygenated blood from the organs to the heart) blood flow due to a blood clot

Question 7

Luxation

Answer 7

dislocate

Question 8

Parethesia

Answer 8

an abnormal sensation, typically tingling or pricking

Question 9

Raynaud phenomenon

Answer 9

A condition in which body overreacts to certain situations causing cold and numbness in the hands and feet

Question 10

Tinel sign

Answer 10

is a general sign for nerve damage and can show other nerve problems

Question 11

Tophus

Answer 11

is a deposit of monosodium urate crystals, in people with longstanding high levels of uric acid in the blood, a condition known as hyperuricemia

Question 12

Virulence

Answer 12

the severity

Question 13

Compare/contrast three spine deformities

Answer 13

Lordosis is an abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar or lower spine

Kyphosis is an abnormal outward curvature of the upper thoracic vertebrae

Scoliosis is an abnormal sideward curvature of the spine to either the left or right

Question 14

Identify the common symptoms of and diagnostic tests for intervertebral disk herniation

Answer 14

Symptoms - severe back pain, tingling and stiff neck

Sciatic test (straight-leg raising), CT and MRI

Question 15

Recall the incidence and treatment of osteoporosis

Answer 15

Heredity, diet and sedentary lifestyle

Increase intake of calcium, phosphate supplements and multivitamins.

Bisphosphonates to slow down

Question 16

Describe osteomyelitis and its diagnosis

Answer 16

an acute or chronic infection of the bone-forming tissue

Blood cultures, xray, bone can and MRI…bone biopsy

Question 17

Discuss the complications and prognosis of Paget disease

Answer 17

Pain

Poor - frequent fractures, kidney stones, deafness/blindness and congestive heart failure

Question 18

List at least three diagnostic procedures used specifically for determining bone disorders

Answer 18

X-ray, MRI, and CT scan

Question 19

Identify the difference between a luxation and a subluxation

Answer 19

luxation - dislocation

subluxation - partial dislocation

Question 20

Illustrate at least four kinds of fractures with a simple drawing

Answer 20

closed

open (compound)

simple

colles fracture

Question 21

Compare and contrast osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 21

Osteoarthritis, also called degenerative joint disease, is a chronic inflammatory process of the joints and bones that results in degeneration of joint cartilage and the formation of new bone

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple joints.

Question 22

Recall the description and symptoms of gout

Answer 22

is a chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism.

The classic manifestation of gout is the sudden onset of excruciating joint pain, usually affecting the joints of the big toes.

Question 23

Compare and contrast strains and sprains

Answer 23

A sprain is the tearing or stretching of a ligament surrounding a joint that usually follows a sharp twist.

A strain is a tearing or overstretching of a tendon or a muscle. Both usually heal without surgery.

Question 24

Describe the treatment process for bursitis and tendonitis

Answer 24

Treatment may include application of cold or heat, immobilization of the affected part, analgesics, NSAIDs, and local steroid injections.

Question 25

Discuss prevention of carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 25

Proper workplace ergonomics, such as adjusting the keyboard so the wrists do not bend sharply and sitting in a chair positioned so both feet are flat on the floor can prevent injury

Question 26

Describe the prognosis for systemic lupus erythematosus

Answer 26

improves with early detection and careful treatment, but it remains poor for those who develop cardiovascular, renal, or neurological complications or serious bacterial infections.

Question 27

List the description and etiology of plantar fasciitis

Answer 27

Plantar fasciitis is a common condition that results from irritation of the ligament on the bottom of the foot that connects the heel to the toes.

Question 28

Describe myasthenia gravis and identify the treatment

Answer 28

is a chronic, progressive neuromuscular disease that produces increasingly sporadic weakness and exhaustion of skeletal muscles

Question 29

Recall the signs and symptoms of polymyositis

Answer 29

Anticholinesterase drugs

Thymectomy

Corticosteroids

Antibody therapies

Question 30

Discuss the signs and symptoms for fibromyalgia

Answer 30

a chronic condition characterized by pain in the muscles, ligaments, and tendons; constant fatigue; and muscle tenderness

Question 31

List the main neoplasms of the musculoskeletal system

Answer 31

Osteogenic sarcoma, which primarily affects the long bones of the body

Chondrosarcoma, which also affects the long bones but tends to metastasize more slowly than osteogenic sarcoma

Malignant giant-cell tumor, which is common at the ends of long bones, especially near the knee and lower radius

Question 32

Recall at least four common symptoms of the musculoskeletal system

Answer 32

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