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D069 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Anticholinergic

A

drugs that block the action of acetylcholine

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2
Q

Ascites

A

a condition in which fluid collects in spaces within your abdomen

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3
Q

Bilirubin

A

a yellowish pigment that is made during the normal breakdown of red blood cells

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4
Q

Bilirubinuria

A

the presence of bilirubin in the urine

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5
Q

Cachexia

A

a condition that causes the body muscles to waste away

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6
Q

Colectomy

A

a type of surgery used to treat colon diseases

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7
Q

Coryza

A

catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose, caused especially by a cold or by hay fever.

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8
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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9
Q

Enteropathy

A

ongoing damage or irritation and swelling to the small intestine

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10
Q

Epigastric

A

area of the upper abdomen

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11
Q

Exudate

A

a mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels or an organ, especially in inflammation.

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12
Q

Fecalith

A

A hard stony mass of feces in the intestinal tract

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13
Q

Fissure

A

a small tear in the thin, moist tissue (mucosa) that lines the anus

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14
Q

Fistula

A

an abnormal connection between two body parts, such as an organ or blood vessel and another structure

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15
Q

Gliadin

A

a class of proteins present in wheat and several other cereals within the grass genus Triticum

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16
Q

Hematemesis

A

the vomiting of blood

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17
Q

Hematochezia

A

the passage of fresh blood per anus, usually in or with stools

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18
Q

Hemolysis

A

breakdown or destruction of red blood cells so that the contained oxygen-carrying pigment hemoglobin is freed into the surrounding medium

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19
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

An enlarged liver is one that’s bigger than normal

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20
Q

Hyperchlorhydria

A

the presence of a greater than typical proportion of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice that occurs in many normal individuals but is especially characteristic of various pathological states (as ulceration)

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21
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

high blood glucose (blood sugar)

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22
Q

Ileostomy

A

an opening in the belly (abdominal wall) that’s made during surgery

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23
Q

Jaundice

A

a medical condition with yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, arising from excess of the pigment bilirubin and typically caused by obstruction of the bile duct

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24
Q

McBurney point

A

the point on the lower right quadrant of the abdomen at which tenderness is maximal in cases of acute appendicitis

25
Q

Microbiome

A

the collection of all microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and their genes, that naturally live on our bodies and inside us

26
Q

Occult blood

A

may indicate colon cancer or polyps in the colon or rectum

27
Q

Peristalsis

A

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward

28
Q

Polyposis

A

a condition characterized by the presence of numerous internal polyps

29
Q

Prebiotics

A

specialized plant fibers. They act like fertilizers that stimulate the growth of healthy bacteria in the gut

30
Q

Probiotics

A

foods or supplements that contain live microorganisms intended to maintain or improve the “good” bacteria (normal microflora) in the body

31
Q

Reflux

A

occurs when the sphincter muscle at the lower end of your esophagus isn’t working as it should, allowing stomach acid to back up into your esophagus

32
Q

Sclerotherapy

A

Sclerotherapy is a procedure used to treat blood vessel malformations and also malformations of the lymphatic system

33
Q

Tetany

A

a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium

34
Q

Varices

A

veins that are enlarged or swollen

35
Q

Villi

A

any of the fingerlike or threadlike projections from the surface of certain membranous structures

36
Q

Compare and contrast the two types of stomatitis

A

herpetic stomatitis (cold sore)

aphthous stomatitis (canker sores).

37
Q

Describe gastroesophageal reflux and its prognosis

A

is the backup of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus and past the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) without belching or vomiting. The liquid contents can inflame and damage the lining of the esophagus

varies with the underlying cause

38
Q

Identify at least four causes of gastritis

A 
irritating foods
alcoholic beverages
caffeine
overuse of NSAIDs
ingestion of poisons
39
Q

Outline the etiology of peptic ulcers and their treatment

A

The three major causes of peptic ulcers are infection with H. pylori, use of NSAIDs, and pathological hypersecretion disorders.

antiobiotics
NSAIDs

40
Q

Discuss the signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis

A

diarrhea, cramping, nausea, vomiting, malaise, fever, and rumbling stomach sounds

41
Q

Describe celiac disease, its diagnosis, and treatment

A

a disease of the small intestine marked by malabsorption, gluten intolerance (gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye), and damage to and characteristic changes in the mucosal lining of the intestine

lifelong strict adherence to a gluten-free diet

42
Q

Review causes of irritable bowel syndrome

A

stress and intolerance of some foods can precipitate attacks

43
Q

Discuss the inflammatory pattern of Crohn disease and why surgery may be necessary

A

The inflammation tends to be patchy or segmented. In Crohn disease, all layers of the intestine may be involved, with normal healthy bowel found between diseased sections of bowel

Surgical treatment of the disease is usually reserved for managing complications

44
Q

List at least three predisposing factors of ulcerative colitis and compare to Crohn disease

A

UC is uniform whereas Crohn’s is not

high intake of linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid found in red meat and in many oils and some types of margarine, may be associated with nearly 33% of cases of ulcerative colitis

45
Q

Recall the cause and predisposing factors of diverticulitis disease

A

The cause of diverticular disease is not clearly understood

46
Q

Describe the symptoms for acute appendicitis and how it is diagnosed

A

Pain usually starts near the belly button and moves slowly down to the lower right quadrant. The classic symptoms are generalized abdominal pain followed by pain localized in the upper right quadrant. Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia will likely occur. The pain eventually settles over the appendix in the right lower abdomen (McBurney point) with “boardlike” rigidity, increased tenderness, and abdominal spasms

physical exam
CT scan
Urinalysis in children

47
Q

Compare and contrast the two types of hemorrhoids and their treatment

A

external hemorrhoids, those involving veins below the anorectal line, and internal hemorrhoids, those involving veins above or along the anorectal line

48
Q

Explain what constitutes constipation

A 
measures to reduce pain
sitz bath
high-roughage diet
stool softeners
suppositories and creams
49
Q

Recall treatment for diarrhea

A

symptom relief

hydration - clear fluids

50
Q

Identify when to see a primary care provider for nausea and vomiting

A

Medical attention should be sought if nausea and vomiting are accompanied by chest pain, blurred vision, fainting, confusion, severe abdominal pain or cramping, cold and clammy skin, high fever, or if the vomit has a fecal odor

51
Q

Recall the description and treatment possibilities for infantile colic

A

defined in infants who are healthy and well fed but have paroxysms of irritability, fussing, or crying lasting for 3 hours a day and occurring on more than 3 days in 1 week for a period of 3 weeks

calm setting for feeding time for both parent and child and gentle burping midway through the feeding and again at the end.

52
Q

Restate the cause of and treatment for hiatal and abdominal hernias

A

may be due to intra-abdominal pressure or weakening of the gastroesophageal junction caused by loss of muscle tone or trauma

53
Q

Explain the implications of pancreatitis for complications

A

The goal in treatment is to alleviate symptoms. Surgery is not the first choice of treatment unless strangulation

54
Q

Discuss the relationship between cholelithiasis and cholecystitis

A

stones that then cause inflammation

55
Q

Identify the etiology of and the complications of cirrhosis

A

The most common cirrhoses are portal, nutritional, or alcoholic (Laennec)

56
Q

Discuss the different types of hepatitis

A

high blood pressure
enlargement of the spleen
esophageal varices

57
Q

Recall the treatment protocol and prognosis for pancreatic cancer

A

Treatment quite often is palliative

The prognosis is poor

58
Q

Identify populations at risk for colorectal cancer and its survival rate

A

After age 40

90% if caught early

59
Q

List at least five common symptoms of digestive system diseases and disorders

A

Loss of appetite, weight loss, anorexia

  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Dehydration
  • Any change in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation, and flatulence
  • Hemoptysis or hematemesis

D069 (13 decks)

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