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D069 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain three ways the body is protected from disease.

A
  • normal body structures
  • the inflammatory response
  • specific immune responses of the body
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2
Q

Contrast illness and disease.

A
  • illness describes the condition of a person who is experiencing a disease
  • the disease is known by its medical classification and distinguishing features
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3
Q

Restate the predisposing factors of disease.

A
  • heredity
  • age
  • gender
  • environment
  • lifestyle
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4
Q

Identify the three classifications of hereditary diseases.

A
  • monogenic disorders (gene mutation)
  • autosomal dominant (abnormal gene from parent)
  • autosomal recessive (abnormal gene from both parents)
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5
Q

Describe the genetic activity of DNA.

A
  • storing information
  • replication process
  • mutations
  • transcription
  • cellular metabolism
  • DNA fingerprinting
  • gene therapy
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6
Q

Distinguish between genotype and phenotype.

A

genotype - the genetic constitution of an individual organism

phenotype - the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

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7
Q

Categorize the common types of monogenic disorders, giving an example of each.

A

autosomal dominant - one abnormal gene (Huntington disease)

autosomal recessive - both parents abnormal gene (cystic fibrosis)

X or sex linked - abnormal gene on the x chromosome (Rett syndrome)

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8
Q

Explain chromosomal disorders and give at least one example.

A
  • caused by abnormalities in the number of chromosomes of structure of them (Trisomy 21)
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9
Q

Summarize multifactorial disorders and give at least one example.

A

result from the interaction of many factors, both hereditary (mutations in multiple genes) and environmental

diabetes mellitus

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10
Q

Restate the process of inflammation.

A
  1. Tissue damage caused by bacterial infection or injury.
  2. Release of vasodilators and chemotactic factors like histamine.
  3. This lead to increased capillary permeability and blood flow to the area.
  4. Margination followed by migration of phagocytes to the site of infection.
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11
Q

Describe how infections are transmitted.

A

Infectious diseases commonly spread through the direct transfer of bacteria, viruses or other germs from one person to another.

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12
Q

Compare the five main groups of microorganisms.

A

fungi - molds present in air or water

protozoa - fecal oral transmission route

viruses - common cold, West Nile, warts

bacteria - enter through an open wound in skin

parasites - infected meat (swallowing their eggs)

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13
Q

Recall trauma statistics and major trauma injuries.

A

35 years or younger 1 person every 3 minutes

heat trauma
chest trauma
abdominopelvic trauma
neck and spine injury
extremities trauma
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14
Q

Compare/contrast concussion, traumatic brain injury, and contusion.

A

concussion - trauma to head

TBI - brain injury

contusion - brain capillaries that have ruptured (bruise)

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15
Q

Restate the physical and chemical agents that may cause disease.

A

extreme cold and heat

ionizing radiation

extremes of atmospheric pressure

electric shock

poisoning

near drowning

bites

asphyxiation

burns

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16
Q

Compare “Rule of Nines” and “Lund and Browder’s” burn charts.

A

The Wallace rule of nines, a formula for estimating medium to large burns in adults, determines the percentage of a body surface burned by using multiples of nine.

Lund and Browder chart is more accurate in that it considers the body’s shape and size

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17
Q

Compare neoplasm to cancer.

A

A neoplasm is a new and abnormal formation of tissue

Cancer is a general term for approximately 100 diseases, all of which are characterized by the uncontrollable growth of abnormal or malignant cells

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18
Q

Differentiate between:

  • Natural and acquired immunity
  • Humoral and cell-mediated immunity
  • B-cell and T-cell immunity
  • Active and passive immunity
A
  • genetically disposed to defend against vs got sick and have immunity

body produces antibodies vs T cells fight

produce anti-bodies vs kill foreign cells

prior exposure vs immunization

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19
Q

Describe three malfunctions of the immune response and recognize an example of each.

A

allergy

autoimmunity

immunodeficiency

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20
Q

Recognize allergic reactions.

A

swelling, breathing issues

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21
Q

Explain how anaphylactic shock can occur in any of the allergic reactions.

A

Anaphylaxis may occur after a single exposure to an antigen or after repeated exposures.

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22
Q

Recognize the main examples of nutritional imbalance.

A
  • malnourishment
  • vitamin deficiencies/excesses
  • mineral deficiencies/excesses
  • obesity
  • starvation
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23
Q

Calculate your personal body mass index.

A
  1. Multiply your height in inches (in) by itself.
  2. Divide your weight in pounds (lbs) by your step 1 result.
  3. Multiply the result from step 2 by 703.
24
Q

Differentiate between idiopathic and iatrogenic causes of disease.

A

of unknown cause vs. mistake made

25
Q

Amino acid

A

Building blocks of proteins

26
Q

Analgesic

A

medicine to relieve pain

27
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

acute allergic reaction

28
Q

Antibody

A

a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen

29
Q

Antiemetic

A

prevent vomiting

30
Q

Antigen

A

a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body

31
Q

Chromosome

A

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells

32
Q

Diuretic

A

causing increased passing of urine

33
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

34
Q

Erythema

A

superficial reddening of the skin

35
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic constitution of an individual organism

36
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes

37
Q

Homeostasis

A

the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements

38
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes

39
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

an emergency condition in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body

40
Q

Hypoxemia

A

an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood

41
Q

Incontinence

A

loss of bladder control

42
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

swelling of lymph nodes

43
Q

Macrophage

A

a large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell

44
Q

Metastasis

A

the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer

45
Q

Nosocomial

A

(of a disease) originating in a hospital

46
Q

Osteomalacia

A

softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium

47
Q

Phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans

48
Q

Phenotype

A

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

49
Q

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte

A

A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma

50
Q

Pruritus

A

Itchy skin

51
Q

Sequela

A

a condition which is the consequence of a previous disease or injury.
“the long-term sequelae of infection”

52
Q

Stridor

A

a harsh or grating sound.

53
Q

Syncope

A

temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure

54
Q

Syndrome

A

a group of symptoms which consistently occur together, or a condition characterized by a set of associated symptoms

55
Q

Tachycardia

A

a heart rate over 100 beats a minute

56
Q

Urticaria

A

red, itchy welts that result from a skin reaction

D069 (13 decks)

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