Chapter 1 Flashcards
Explain three ways the body is protected from disease.
- normal body structures
- the inflammatory response
- specific immune responses of the body
Contrast illness and disease.
- illness describes the condition of a person who is experiencing a disease
- the disease is known by its medical classification and distinguishing features
Restate the predisposing factors of disease.
- heredity
- age
- gender
- environment
- lifestyle
Identify the three classifications of hereditary diseases.
- monogenic disorders (gene mutation)
- autosomal dominant (abnormal gene from parent)
- autosomal recessive (abnormal gene from both parents)
Describe the genetic activity of DNA.
- storing information
- replication process
- mutations
- transcription
- cellular metabolism
- DNA fingerprinting
- gene therapy
Distinguish between genotype and phenotype.
genotype - the genetic constitution of an individual organism
phenotype - the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment
Categorize the common types of monogenic disorders, giving an example of each.
autosomal dominant - one abnormal gene (Huntington disease)
autosomal recessive - both parents abnormal gene (cystic fibrosis)
X or sex linked - abnormal gene on the x chromosome (Rett syndrome)
Explain chromosomal disorders and give at least one example.
- caused by abnormalities in the number of chromosomes of structure of them (Trisomy 21)
Summarize multifactorial disorders and give at least one example.
result from the interaction of many factors, both hereditary (mutations in multiple genes) and environmental
diabetes mellitus
Restate the process of inflammation.
- Tissue damage caused by bacterial infection or injury.
- Release of vasodilators and chemotactic factors like histamine.
- This lead to increased capillary permeability and blood flow to the area.
- Margination followed by migration of phagocytes to the site of infection.
Describe how infections are transmitted.
Infectious diseases commonly spread through the direct transfer of bacteria, viruses or other germs from one person to another.
Compare the five main groups of microorganisms.
fungi - molds present in air or water
protozoa - fecal oral transmission route
viruses - common cold, West Nile, warts
bacteria - enter through an open wound in skin
parasites - infected meat (swallowing their eggs)
Recall trauma statistics and major trauma injuries.
35 years or younger 1 person every 3 minutes
heat trauma chest trauma abdominopelvic trauma neck and spine injury extremities trauma
Compare/contrast concussion, traumatic brain injury, and contusion.
concussion - trauma to head
TBI - brain injury
contusion - brain capillaries that have ruptured (bruise)
Restate the physical and chemical agents that may cause disease.
extreme cold and heat
ionizing radiation
extremes of atmospheric pressure
electric shock
poisoning
near drowning
bites
asphyxiation
burns
Compare “Rule of Nines” and “Lund and Browder’s” burn charts.
The Wallace rule of nines, a formula for estimating medium to large burns in adults, determines the percentage of a body surface burned by using multiples of nine.
Lund and Browder chart is more accurate in that it considers the body’s shape and size
Compare neoplasm to cancer.
A neoplasm is a new and abnormal formation of tissue
Cancer is a general term for approximately 100 diseases, all of which are characterized by the uncontrollable growth of abnormal or malignant cells
Differentiate between:
- Natural and acquired immunity
- Humoral and cell-mediated immunity
- B-cell and T-cell immunity
- Active and passive immunity
- genetically disposed to defend against vs got sick and have immunity
body produces antibodies vs T cells fight
produce anti-bodies vs kill foreign cells
prior exposure vs immunization
Describe three malfunctions of the immune response and recognize an example of each.
allergy
autoimmunity
immunodeficiency
Recognize allergic reactions.
swelling, breathing issues
Explain how anaphylactic shock can occur in any of the allergic reactions.
Anaphylaxis may occur after a single exposure to an antigen or after repeated exposures.
Recognize the main examples of nutritional imbalance.
- malnourishment
- vitamin deficiencies/excesses
- mineral deficiencies/excesses
- obesity
- starvation