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D069 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Albumin

A

a protein made by the liver

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2
Q

Aneurysm

A

a bulge in a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the blood vessel wall, usually where it branches

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3
Q

Blast

A

an immature stage of development in a cell or tissue

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4
Q

Bradycardia

A

a slow heart rate

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5
Q

Bruit

A

a sound, especially an abnormal one, heard through a stethoscope; a murmur.

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6
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

happens when extra fluid builds up in the space around the heart

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7
Q

Cardioversion

A

a procedure used to return an abnormal heartbeat to a normal rhythm

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8
Q

Cellulitis

A

a common bacterial skin infection that causes redness, swelling, and pain in the infected area of the skin.

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9
Q

Claudication

A

a condition in which cramping pain in the leg is induced by exercise, typically caused by obstruction of the arteries.

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10
Q

Cryoablation

A

A procedure in which an extremely cold liquid or an instrument called a cryoprobe is used to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue

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11
Q

Diastole

A

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.

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12
Q

Dilatation

A

the process of becoming dilated.

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13
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

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14
Q

Effusion

A

an instance of giving off something such as a liquid, light, or smell.

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15
Q

Embolus

A

a blood clot,

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16
Q

Fibrillation

A

a type of arrhythmia, or abnormal heartbeat

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17
Q

Fibrinogen

A

protein helps stop bleeding by helping blood clots to form

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18
Q

Globulin

A

a group of proteins in your blood

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19
Q

Hematemesis

A

the vomiting of blood.

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20
Q

Hematopoietic

A

An immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

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21
Q

Hemoglobin

A

a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body’s organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs

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22
Q

Hemostasis

A

the stopping of a flow of blood

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23
Q

Idiopathic

A

unknown.

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24
Q

Induration

A

the process of or condition produced by growing hard

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25
Q

Lacteal

A

the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fats

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26
Q

Lymphangitis

A

an inflammation of the lymphatic channels that occurs as a result of infection at a site distal to the channel

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27
Q

Lymphocytopenia

A

a disorder in which your blood doesn’t have enough white blood cells called lymphocytes

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28
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

hematopoietic cells, which are responsible for the production of blood platelets

29
Q

Menorrhagia

A

menstrual bleeding that lasts more than 7 days

30
Q

Orthopnea

A

the sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing.

31
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

a procedure done to remove fluid that has built up in the sac around the heart (pericardium)

32
Q

Petechiae

A

pinpoint, round spots that appear on the skin as a result of bleeding

33
Q

Prothrombin

A

a protein produced by your liver

34
Q

Reticulocyte

A

slightly immature red blood cells.

35
Q

Systole

A

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts

36
Q

Tachycardia

A

a heart rate over 100 beats a minute

37
Q

Thrombus

A

a blood clot formed in situ within the vascular system of the body and impeding blood flow

38
Q

Tinnitus

A

when you experience ringing or other noises in one or both of your ears

39
Q

Uremia

A

a raised level in the blood of urea and other nitrogenous waste compounds that are normally eliminated by the kidneys.

40
Q

Vasodilator

A

medications that open (dilate) blood vessels

41
Q

Videoplethysmography

A

a simple and low-cost optical technique that can be used to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue

42
Q

Describe three infectious heart diseases and the tests used in diagnosis

A

Pericarditis – is an inflammation of the pericardium, the saclike membrane that surrounds and protects the heart muscle.

  • sound
  • blood test
  • ECG

Myocarditis – is inflammation of the cardiac muscle and conduction system without evidence of MI

  • labs
  • ECG

Endocarditis – also known as infective endocarditis, is inflammation of the membrane lining the valves and chambers of the heart

  • labs
  • ECG
43
Q

Explain transesophageal echocardiogram

A

done by inserting a probe with a transducer down the esophagus

44
Q

Identify and contrast the three types of aneurysms

A

abdominal

thoracic

peripheral

45
Q

Discuss precautions to be taken with pericarditis

A
  • practice good hygiene
  • immunizations
  • seatbelts
46
Q

Discuss the etiology of the valvular heart diseases and disorders

A
  • Mitral insufficiency, or stenosis, is usually secondary to untreated streptococcal infection, MI, or infective endocarditis in which vegetations on the heart valves cause stenosis
  • Aortic stenosis is a fairly common congenital heart defect in children–common ailment among elderly people when there is calcium buildup on the valve
47
Q

Explain heart murmurs

A

Murmurs can be caused by blood leaking back through an incompetent or deformed valve, by blood forcing its way through a narrowed valve, by dilatation (enlargement of the heart), or by a rapid diastolic flow

48
Q

Identify the signs and symptoms of essential hypertension

A

vague symptoms of light-headedness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), nocturia, a tendency to tire easily, and palpitations

49
Q

Recall the pressure readings for stage 1 hypertension

A

140/90

50
Q

Identify individuals at high risk for developing hypertension

A

African Americans, chronically stressed individuals, the obese, and those who consume a diet high in salt and saturated fats.

51
Q

Identify those at risk and the diagnostic procedures and possible treatment suggested for coronary artery disease

A

age, heredity, obesity, elevated serum cholesterol, decreased serum high-density cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, and stress.

Treatment addresses lifestyle changes, beneficial medications, or surgery

52
Q

Describe angina pectoris and recall the safe time of duration

A

is uncomfortable squeezing, pressure, fullness, or pain in the chest resulting from ischemia to a part of the myocardium

30 minutes

53
Q

Describe atrial fibrillation

A

the two atria in the heart beat irregularly, often quite rapidly, and out of rhythm with the lower ventricles

54
Q

List the classic signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction

A

crushing chest pain that may radiate to the left arm, neck, and jaw

55
Q

Describe congestive heart failure and its treatment

A

a condition in which the pumping ability of the heart is progressively impaired to the point that it no longer meets bodily needs

56
Q

Compare and contrast cardiac arrest with myocardial infarction

A

diuretics

bed rest

drug therapy

weight loss

diet

57
Q

Discuss the use of automated external defibrillators for cardiac arrest

A

The electric shock may restore a normal rhythm to a heart that has stopped beating

58
Q

Compare atherosclerosis with arteriosclerosis

A

atherosclerosis - by the accumulation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris on the inner layers of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries

Arteriosclerosis is widespread thickening of the walls of small arteries and arterioles with a resulting loss of elasticity

59
Q

Discuss possible prevention techniques for thrombophlebitis

A

support hose

walking after sitting

60
Q

Identify the primary location for and the treatment of varicose veins

A

legs

elastic stocking
exercise
avoid prolonged standing

61
Q

Compare and contrast four anemias

A

Iron-deficiency anemia is characterized by inadequate reserves of iron in the body and the formation of unusually small, hemoglobin-poor RBCs.

Folic acid deficiency anemia is characterized by the appearance of large abnormal red blood cells (megaloblasts), which form when there are inadequate stores of folic acid within the body.

Pernicious (megaloblastic) anemia is characterized by the appearance of large, abnormal RBCs, which form when there are inadequate levels of vitamin B12 in the body

Aplastic anemia is characterized by insufficient or totally absent RBC production

62
Q

Recall the descriptions of the four main types of leukemias

A

Acute myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia (AML) is a neoplasm characterized by the hyperproliferation of abnormal, immature white cell precursors called blasts

Acute lymphocytic (lymphoblastic) leukemia (ALL) is similar to AML except that there is abnormal growth of lymphocyte precursors called lymphoblasts

Chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia (CML) is characterized by the proliferation of abnormal white cell precursors called granulocytes in the bone marrow.

Chronic lymphocytic (lymphoblastic) leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of immature, immunologically ineffective B lymphocytes.

63
Q

Discuss the various treatments of leukemias

A

Chemo

biological therapy

radiation therapy

64
Q

Restate the prognosis for the four types of leukemias

A

AML - high variable

ALL - remission 5 yrs

CML - rapidly fatal

CLL - progression is slow, prognosis guarded

65
Q

Define lymphedema

A

is an abnormal accumulation of lymph, usually in the extremities.

66
Q

Compare non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas

A

Hodgkin lymphoma is a neoplastic malignancy of the lymphatic system characterized by painless enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphatic tissues

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, or lymphosarcomas, are a group of malignant diseases of the lymphatic system that can occur at any age

67
Q

Recall the three types of bone marrow transplants

A

Autologous BMT, wherein the donor is the client

Allogeneic BMT, wherein the donor and the recipient have the same genetic type—usually a sibling, parent

Umbilical cord blood transplant, wherein stem cells come from an umbilical cord immediately after delivery

68
Q

List at least six common symptoms of cardiovascular and lymphatic diseases and disorders

A

pain or pressure in the chest,

pain in the arms, left shoulder, elbows, jaw, or back.

shortness of breath.

nausea and fatigue.

lightheadedness or

dizziness.

cold sweats.

D069 (13 decks)

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