Chapter 8 - The Nervous System

Question 1

What are the three specific functions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Sensory input, integration, and motor output

Question 2

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 2

Central and peripheral nervous systems

Question 3

Somatic sensory nerves relay signals from where?

Answer 3

The body’s surface

Question 4

Visceral sensory nerves come from where?

Answer 4

The organs

Question 5

Difference between neurons and neuroglia

Answer 5

Neurons generate and transmit signals, while neuroglia nourish and support neurons

Question 6

What are the three types of neurons?

Answer 6

Sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons

Question 7

What is the most common type of neuron?

Answer 7

Interneurons

Question 8

A bundle of parallel axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is commonly known as a _____

Answer 8

nerve

Question 9

A bundle of parallel axons in the central nervous system (CNS) is commonly known as a _____

Answer 9

tract

Question 10

Potential energy of a resting neuron, created by separating unlike charges across the neuron cell membrane is known as

Answer 10

Resting potential

Question 11

Change in potential propagated along the membrane of a neuron; the nerve impulse is known as

Answer 11

Action potential

Question 12

Action potential begins with a _______, which activates the neuron

Answer 12

stimulus

Question 13

Depolarization is

Answer 13

Loss in polarization, as when a nerve impulse occurs

Question 14

Repolarization is

Answer 14

Recovery of a neuron’s polarity to the resting potential after the neuron ceases transmitting impulses

Question 15

The time needed to pump sodium outside the cell and potassium inside the cell is called the

Answer 15

refractory period

Question 16

Region between two nerve cells where the nerve impulse is transmitted from one to the other, usually from axon to dendrite is known as

Answer 16

a synapse

Question 17

The gap between the presynaptic membrane (the membrane of the first neuron) and postsynaptic membrane (the membrane of the next neuron) is called

Answer 17

the synaptic cleft

Question 18

The small signals from a synapse is called the ______ potential

Answer 18

graded

Question 19

What is the name of the hormone that helps initiate “fight-or-flight”?

Answer 19

Norepinephrine

Question 20

What’s the name of the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)?

Answer 20

acetylcholinesterase

Question 21

Which of the following types of neurons are multipolar?
a. motor neurons
b. sensory neurons
c. interneurons
d. both a and c
e. all of the above

Answer 21

d. both a and c (motor neurons and interneurons)

Question 22

An excitatory neurotransmitter excites the postsynaptic cell because:

Answer 22

it opens sodium gates so sodium can enter the cell

Question 23

What’s the name of the protective membranes that cover the spinal cord and brain?

Answer 23

Meninges

Question 24

Tough outer layer of the meninges is known as the ____ _____

Answer 24

dura mater

Question 25

Dural venous sinuses are

Answer 25

Venous channels located intracranially between the two layers of dura mater

Question 26

Function of dural venous sinuses

Answer 26

Collect venous blood and excess cerebrospinal fluid and return them to the cardiovascular system

Question 27

Weblike middle covering (one of the three meninges) of the central nervous system is called the _________ ____

Answer 27

arachnoid mater

Question 28

Innermost meningeal layer that is in direct contact with the brain and spinal cord is called the ___ _____

Answer 28

pia mater

Question 29

What part of the brain is responsible for consciousness and is the largest portion of the human brain?

Answer 29

The cerebrum

Question 30

Cerebral hemispheres are

Answer 30

the two halves of the cerebrum

Question 31

The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by a bridge of white matter called

Answer 31

corpus callosum

Question 32

The outer layer of the cerebrum

Answer 32

Cerebral cortex

Question 33

Area in the frontal lobe where voluntary commands begin:

Answer 33

Primary motor area

Question 34

Area posterior to the central sulcus where sensory information arrives from the skin and skeletal muscles

Answer 34

Primary somatosensory area

Question 35

Think clinically! A woman slips on ice and falls backwards, striking the back of her head on the pavement. This results in a concussion to her occipital lobe. Which senses might be affected?

Answer 35

Vision or memory

Question 36

A momentary lack of oxygen during birth can lead to a condition known as:

Answer 36

Cerebral palsy

Question 37

Brain center associated with the motor control of speech

Answer 37

Broca’s area

Question 38

Area of the brain relating to comprehension of language:

Answer 38

Wernicke’s area or general interpretive area

Question 39

The mass of gray matter located deep within a cerebral hemisphere of the brain is called

Answer 39

basal nuclei

Question 40

Portion of the brain involved in forming, storing, and processing memory is called

Answer 40

the hippocampus

Question 41

The portion of the brain that controls muscular coordination is called the

Answer 41

cerebellum

Question 42

The portion concerned with the control of the internal organs is called the

Answer 42

medulla oblongata

Question 43

The deepest of the three meninges:

Answer 43

pia mater

Question 44

Cerebrospinal fluid is found in the _______ _____ of the spinal cord and the _________ of the brain.

Answer 44

central canal, ventricles

Question 45

Which brain structure integrates motor commands to make sure that proper muscle groups are activated or inhibited?

Answer 45

basal nuclei

Question 46

Name the three main components of the diencephalon

Answer 46

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Question 47

Match the brain region with its function:
a. cerebellum
b. limbic system
c. brain stem

1. visual & auditory reflexes
2. motor coordination
3. emotional response

Answer 47

cerebellum (a) – motor coordination (2)
limbic system (b) – emotional response (3)
brain stem (c) – visual & auditory reflexes

Question 48

What can people do to slow the deterioration of the nervous system while they age?

Answer 48

Maintain cardiovascular health and maintain mental activity and prevent depression

Question 49

A deficiency in dopamine leading to progressive deterioration of the CNS is known as

Answer 49

Parkinson’s disease