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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

The body is composed of what 4 elements?

A

Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen

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2
Q

Avogadro’s number:

A

6.02 x 10^23

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3
Q

What happens when an atom decays and gives off energy?

A

It becomes a radioactive isotope

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4
Q

Bond created by the sharing of electrons between two atoms:

A

Covalent bonds

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5
Q

Bond created by electrical attraction between ions:

A

Ionic bonds

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6
Q

Positive charged atoms are called:

A

Cations

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7
Q

Negative charged atoms are called:

A

Anions

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8
Q

What happens when ionic lattice interacts with water?

A

Dissociates (separates into ions)

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9
Q

Hypertension is caused by too much _____ in the blood

A

Sodium

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10
Q

Rickets is caused by not enough _______ in the blood

A

Calcium

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11
Q

Arrhythmia is caused by too much or too little ______ in the blood

A

Potassium

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12
Q

Unequal sharing of electrons is called

A

Electronegativity

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13
Q

Bond caused by unequal sharing of electrons

A

Polar covalent bond

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14
Q

Bond caused by equal sharing of electrons

A

Nonpolar covalent bond

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15
Q

An inorganic molecule does contain _______ atoms

A

carbon

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16
Q

A polar molecule has:

A

Positive and negative ends

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17
Q

Covalently bonded hydrogen has a slight positive charge and is attracted to a slightly negative atom nearby. What bond will form?

A

Hydrogen bond

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18
Q

Hydrophilic means:

A

Molecules are water-soluble

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19
Q

Hydrophobic means:

A

Molecules are not water-soluble

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20
Q

Cohesion is

A

The force of attraction by which the molecules of a solid or liquid tend to remain together

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21
Q

Adhesion is

A

The molecular attraction exerted between the surfaces of bodies in contact

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22
Q

Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change an object’s temp by exactly how many degrees C?

A

1ºC

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23
Q

Substances that dissociate in water and release hydrogen ions are: acids or bases?

A

Acids

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24
Q

Substances that either take hydrogen ions or release hydrogen ions are: acids or bases?

A

Bases

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25
Q

When an acid and a base are combined, what is the result of the reaction?

A

Salt and water

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26
Q

For anatomy purposes, pH is a measure of:

A

Hydrogen ion concentration

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27
Q

pH scale ranges from ___ to ___

A

0 to 14

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28
Q

Any solution above 7 on a pH scale is:

A

Basic

29
Q

Any solution below 7 on a pH scale is:

A

Acidic

30
Q

True or false: acidic solutions have more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions, and basic solutions have more hydroxide than hydrogen

A

True

31
Q

Which is more acidic: urine or human blood?

A

Urine (ph scale 6 on average)

32
Q

Acidosis of the blood is categorized by the pH of blood falling below what number?

A

7.35 pH

33
Q

Alkalosis of the blood is categorized by the pH of blood rising above what number?

A

7.45 pH

34
Q

What is the substance (or compound) that prevents large scale changes in pH in the body called?

A

A buffer

35
Q

Substances that release ions into water are called

A

Electrolytes

36
Q

Dehydration reaction in cells is used to link ____ to _____

A

Monomers to polymers

37
Q

What does it mean to reverse a dehydration reaction?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

38
Q

The four major macromolecules found in the body

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

39
Q

Why is it important to drink liquids with a meal?

A

Digestion of food macromolecules occurs by hydrolysis, or splitting with water. A constant supply of water is needed for the process to continue.

40
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A simple sugar

41
Q

What is the chemical formula of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

42
Q

What do you get when you combine two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction?

A

Disaccharide

43
Q

Sucrose is a disaccharide made of glucose and ________

A

fructose

44
Q

Glucose and galactose together forms…

A

Lactose

45
Q

Macromolecules that contain many units of glucose are called:

A

polysaccharides

46
Q

The principal storage compounds for sugar in animals are ______ and _______

A

glycogen and starch

47
Q

Polysaccharides in plant tissue that human enzymes cannot break down:

A

Cellulose

48
Q

What is the one common characteristic amongst all lipids?

A

Insoluble in water

49
Q

A fat or oil forms when a glycerol reacts with how many fatty acid molecules?

A

3 fatty acid molecules

50
Q

Emulsifiers can do what to fats?

A

Allow them to mix into water

51
Q

Which of these have double bonds between carbon atoms and which has only single covalent bonds: saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids

A

Double carbon bonds - unsaturated
Single covalent bonds - saturated

52
Q

Which lipid acts as a precursor to steroid hormones such as testosterone?

A

Cholesterol

53
Q

Protein is a macromolecule composed of _______

A

Amino acids

54
Q

What is considered the sum of all chemical changes within a cell?

A

Metabolism

55
Q

True or false: enzymes are protein catalysts

A

True

56
Q

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are caused by what protein?

A

Prion

57
Q

True or false: TSE-related diseases are easily treatable

A

False - all TSE-related diseases result in fatalities

58
Q

Two or more reactants combine to form a larger and more complex product. This is a ________ reaction

A

Synthesis reaction

59
Q

A larger and more complex molecule breaks down into smaller, simpler products. This is called a __________ reaction.

A

Degradation reaction

60
Q

A reaction contains both degradation and synthesis reactions. This is called a ___________ reaction.

A

Replacement reaction

61
Q

The sequence of amino acid found in a protein is that protein’s _______ structure
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary

A

a. primary

62
Q

What happens to a protein when it is denatured?

A

The protein’s three dimensional structure is changed

63
Q

Every nucleotide is molecular complex of what three types of subunit molecules?

A

A phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base

64
Q

What are the two classes of nucleic acids?

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

65
Q

Four different bases of DNA:

A

A: adenine
T: thymine
G: guanine
C: cytosine

66
Q

In RNA, the base uracil replaces the base _______

A

Thymine

67
Q

What DNA bases pair together in the complementary base pairing?

A

Thymine - Adenine
Guanine - Cytosine

68
Q

When adenosine is modified by the addition of three phosphate groups, it becomes ___

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

69
Q

The breakdown of ATP yields:

A

Adenosine diphosphate, a phosphate group, and energy

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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