Chapter 8 Ta Participal

Question 1

What is the absolutive ending for simple verbs

Answer 1

tvā

Question 2

What is the ta participial ending for simple verbs

Answer 2

ta

(Verb and noun endings also included with the ta participial

Question 3

What is Buddha sandi

Answer 3

When a root ends in a stop that is both voiced and aspirated it does not loose these qualities in front of a following (t) instead the foloowing (t) is tured into a dh. Thus loosing its aspiration and becoming:

dh + t = ddh
bh + t = bdh
h + t = gdh

What happened is the root ending in dh/bh passes its voiced aspiration onto the following (t) so the (t) becomes -dh-

But the original root ending dh loses its aspiration as it does this … and becomes just (d) so you get (ddh). Or said another way the asiration leaves the root and enters the following (t) which is also given voice by becoming (d) ; so the original dh sends its h ahead and also the following (t) sound is given the dh’s voice so that the (t) becomes a (d) and so all together with the aspiration leaving and going forward you get dh +t = ddh

Question 4

How are the absolutives and ta participial’s formed

Answer 4

By adding a suffix to the Zero grade of a root of a Verb.

Question 5

What is the infinitive

Answer 5

The infinitive is the expressing of the word “to” before a word

Question 6

What is the infinitive ending

Answer 6

tum

Question 7

What was “h” originally in sanskrit

Answer 7

gh was the original form

Question 8

If a -ta participle cannot sensibly have a paaive meaning then

Answer 8

the -ta particple has an active meaning.

e.g. “having been become” bhuta makes no sense. It is translated as ‘having become’

Question 9

-ta participles are labelled as what kind of ?-stems

Answer 9

-ta participles are a-stems and can refer to any noun in a sentence

Question 10

Absolutives are indeclinable and add no ending after the suffix tvā. Absolutive can refer only to the _________ of a sentence.

Answer 10

agent

the agent of a sentence is the subject of an active verb or the instrumental case-agent of a passive verb.

subject of active verb example:
gr.ham gatvā narah. viśati
literally “the having gone to the house man enters”
translated “having gone to the house, the man enters”
Thus it is understood that the person going to the house is the same as the person entering, the subject of the main verb. Absolutives can only refer to the agent of the sentnce in this case the subject of the active verb enters.

Question 11

Absolutives of compound verbs (compound verbs are verbs that add a pre-verb as introduced in Chapter 10)

Answer 11

add the suffix -tya if they end in a short vowel

and they add the suffix -ya if otherwise

apadrutya = “having run away” 
pratilikhya = “having written back”

Question 12

Some verbal roots add the vowel _____ before the suffixes -tvā, -tya, or -ta

This does not change the meaning in any way, and cannot predicted by looking at the root. Simply recognize it when it appears.

Answer 12

-i-

Question 13

The only predictability of -i- added before suffixes is what two verb forms…

Answer 13

the only predictability is found in:

1. causative verb stems and 2. roots that form Class X present tense

these both regularly form ta-partciples in -ita, their absolutives in -ayitvā, and their infinitves in -ayitum

pātayati causative “he causes to fall”
pātita causative ta-participle “having been caused to fall”
pātayitvā causative absolutive “having caused to fall”
pātayitum causative infinitive “to cause to fall”

Also see Linguistic Note chapter 21 on set/anit.