Chapter 5 - Nominals Flashcards
nominative case is literally the ___________case
naming
3 aspects of nominal usage
1 agreement
2 stems/declensions
3 articles and possessive pronouns
refers to people TOGETHER WITH WHOM something gets done
Instrumental case translated as with his/her/its group
e.g.Krishna went into the forest WITH HIS FRIENDS
words following a noun that express or support case function
Postpositions
a dative noun that expresses purpose of an action can either be a ________/__________ or it can be __________ _______.
thing/object
or
another action
Ablative case
expresses the source of an action
Sanskrit scholars referred to Sanskrit cases simply as _________, __________, and so on
first, second, and so on
definition of case
the way nominals forms can play different roles in a sentence
verbs that take accusative direct objects
transitive verbs
Genitive case
gives more information about another noun
saha, vinā, and prati
the three most common postpositions
Nominal forms
nouns or substantives
pronouns
adjectives
participles (adjectives formed from verbs - e.g. running water)
Vocative case
used to address someone
e.g. O King, Old Man, why do sit there?
He has a daughter.
Literally in sanskrit - A daughter is of him
genitive case type as a use of english verb of being (to be) so as to express the idea of possession
________, ___________, and __________ have different forms fir each gender .
adjectives, pronouns, participles
listing of the 8 nominal form cases
Nominative Vocative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative
vinā is a common ________________
that means _____________
when used with a noun of one of these cases: ____________, ____________, or ____________.
postposition
“without”
accusative, instrumental, or ablative
a dative case sentence using “for” with another action to express purpose
I give this to you for safekeeping.
This was done by him.
genetive case type marked with english “by” used to express the agent of a passive verb.
number of sanskrit cases for nominal forms
8
the three qualifiers of nouns
adjectives, pronouns and particples _____ _________ ___ nouns
forms of gender
masculine, feminine, neuter
Nominative case
the subject of a sentence and anything referring to that subject
e.g. HE is the KING
five types of english translation markings for locative case
1-3) any place in space or time,
in, on, at, near,
which something takes place
4) expressing the idea of among in dual or plural
5) expressing the goal of motion (called preganant ______ ) marked as english “into”
Accusative case
used to express the direct object of a verb; that which is affected by the action of a verb or a goal (or target) of a motion
e.g. cat scratches a POST, gods grant a BOON, sage goes TO FOREST
whenever an adjective, pronoun, or participle qualifies a noun, it has to ________ _______ this noun in all of the categories nouns are marked for _________, ___________, and __________.
________, _________, or _________ must
agree with
case, number, gender
She did someting good for him.
She did something bad to him.
genitive case type with english for/to used to express someone indirectly involved in or concerned with an action
a noun that expresses the purpose of an an action
Dative case
form of sanskrit that uses accusative singular of adjectives and nouns
adverbs
genitive english translation marker
of
prati is a common ________________
meaning ___________, ___________, _____________
Used after a noun in the ________________ _______.
postposition
towards, concerning, about
accusative case
prati
a noun in the accusative + ____________; “towards, concerning, about”
dative is literally the __________ case
giving case
saha is a common _______________
meaning ____________ ____________.
Used after a noun of the ___________ __________.
postposition
“together with”
instrumental case
Hyranyakaśipu acted out of anger.
Kamsa acted from anger.
ablative case type as any reason for/because of which something occurs or takes place
refers to the person BY WHOM something gets done
Instrumental case
e.g. the cake was made by her
we came from the city
we came out of the city
ablative case type as the place from which a movement originates
a dative case example using a “for” with a noun as an object to express purpose
She is running for the gold medal.
We heard this from the spiritual master.
ablative case type as a person from whom something proceeds
_____________ have one inherent gender
substantives (nouns)
saha
a noun in the instrumental + ________; “together with”
Instrumental case
used to express the instrument (tool) or agency by which something is done. in english marked as with or by
e.g. we see with eyes, cut with knife, cake made by her, went to forest with his friends
a __________ ____________ expresses the goal of motion with the english marking “into”
pregnant locative
type of language sanskrit is called because it uses regular endings to express concepts such as case, number, gender in nouns, or tense, person, mood, voice, in verbs
inflected language
Categories that nominal forms express
case
number
gender
ablative case types expressing source
place from which a movement originate
time from which something is done
person from whom something proceeds
any reason for/because of which somtheing occurs or takes place
Locative case
used to express a location or any place in space or time
ablative is literally the ______ ______ ______ case
carry-away from case
vinā
a noun in the instrumental, accussative, or ablative + _________; “without”
ablative english translation markers
from
out from
out of
They had been walking from dawn.
It has been raining since yesterday.
ablative case type as the time from which somthing is done
