Chapter 1 to 2a devanagāri

Question 1

simple vowels

Answer 1

a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ

Question 2

complex vowels

Answer 2

e ai o au

Question 3

semi-vowel consonants

Answer 3

y r l v

Question 4

sibilant consonants

Answer 4

ś ṣ s

Question 5

velar consonant stops

Answer 5

k kh g gh

Question 6

palatal consonant stops

Answer 6

c ch j jh

Question 7

retroflex consonant stops

Answer 7

ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh

Question 8

dental consonant stops

Answer 8

t th d dh

Question 9

labial consonants

Answer 9

p pha b bha

Question 10

Stops definition

Answer 10

in order to pronounce stops we stop and release the flow of air from our mouth

Question 11

velar nasal

Answer 11

ṅ

Question 12

palatal nasal

Answer 12

ñ

Question 13

retroflex nasal

Answer 13

ṇ

Question 14

dental nasal

Answer 14

n

Question 15

labial nasal

Answer 15

m

Question 16

unvoiced un-aspirated special consonant

Answer 16

h

Question 17

velar stops definition

Answer 17

consonants formed by briefing stopping the air in the back of our throats at the so-called velum

Question 18

palatal stops definition

Answer 18

tongue touches the hard palate, or the roof of the mouth

Question 19

retroflex stops definition

Answer 19

tongue is “retroflected” - or curled back and touching the roof of the mouth

Question 20

dental stops definition

Answer 20

tongue touches teeth - (from the latin ‘dent’ = Latin ‘teeth’)

Question 21

labial stops definition

Answer 21

lower and upper lips touch; (from the latin ‘labia’ = Latin ‘lip’)

Question 22

Voiced definition

Answer 22

‘Voiced’ means that the vocal cords vibrate when the sound is pronounced: you feel vibration when you put fingers on throat and say d

Question 23

Aspirated definition

Answer 23

sound is accompanied by air - unaspirated stops have little air accompanying them, the Aspirated stops are accompanied by a puff of air

Question 24

Nasals definition

Answer 24

sounds pronounced with pathway from the oral to the nasal cavity at the back of our mouth is open.

Question 25

Semivowels | liquids | glides (half-vowels)

Answer 25

sounds with vowel equivalents: y r l v

they correspond to the vowels i/ī ṛ/ṝ ḷ u/ū

whenever these vowels come to stand before a vowel other than themselves, they change into their consonant forms (thus i changes into y (e.g. i+a = ya)

Question 26

Sibilants definition

Answer 26

the ‘s’ sound

Question 27

velar counterpart of palatal c

Answer 27

velar k

Question 28

palatal counterpart of velar k

Answer 28

palatal c

Question 29

velar counterpart of the palatal j

Answer 29

velar g

Question 30

palatal counterpart of velar g

Answer 30

palatal j

Question 31

voiced counterpart of unvoiced velar k

Answer 31

voiced velar g

Question 32

voiced counterpart of unvoiced palatal c

Answer 32

voiced palatal j

Question 33

voiced counterpart of unvoiced retroflex ṭ

Answer 33

voiced retroflex ḍ

Question 34

voiced counterpart of unvoiced dental t

Answer 34

voiced dental d

Question 35

voiced counterpart of unvoiced labial p

Answer 35

voiced labial b

Question 36

unvoiced un-aspirated stops

Answer 36

k c ṭ t p

Question 37

unvoiced aspirated stops

Answer 37

kh ch ṭh th ph

Question 38

voiced un-aspirated stops

Answer 38

g j ḍ d b

Question 39

voiced aspirated stops

Answer 39

gh jh ḍh dh bh

Question 40

nasal stops

Answer 40

ṅ ñ ṇ n m

Question 41

visarga

Answer 41

ḥ, the visarga, is often pronounced similar to the -ch in German Bach or Scottish loch, but slightly weaker; you may also hear it pro- nounced like a standard -h-, with a weak repetition of the preceding vowel (making e.g. नरः naraḥ ‘man’ [naraha])

Question 42

anusvāra

Answer 42

ṃ, the anusvāra, is not a sound of its own, but nasalises the preceding vowel, making e.g. -aṃ sound approximately like French grand

कं kaṃ

हंसः haṃsaḥ ‘goose’ or ‘swan’
Note the dot indicating the anusvāra in haṃ-.

Question 43

virāma

Answer 43

The absence of a vowel after a consonant is indicated by the virāma (literally ‘stop, end’), a small diagonal stroke below the consonant sign: e.g. क् k vs. क ka

Question 44

heavy syllable

Answer 44

A syllable is considered ‘heavy’ when it contains a long or complex vowel ( ā ī ū long r. e ai o au ), when its vowel is followed by more than one consonant (and thus it ends in a consonant itself), or when it contains a vowel followed by anusvārya (m.) or visarga (h.)

Question 45

light syllable

Answer 45

A syllable counts as light if it contains a short vowel ( a i u r. l.) which is follwed by only one consanant (which would thus belong to the following syllable)

Question 46

the _____________ i changes its form to the ______________ ____ when it precedes another vowel

Answer 46

semivowel

consonant

Y

Question 47

the _____________ r. changes its form to the ______________ ____ when it precedes another vowel

Answer 47

semivowel

consonant

r

Question 48

the _____________ l. changes its form to the ______________ ____ when it precedes another vowel

Answer 48

semivowel

Consonant

L

Question 49

the _____________ u changes its form to the ______________ ____ when it precedes another vowel

Answer 49

semivowel

consonant

v

Question 50

A syllable always contains a ____________.

Answer 50

vowel

Question 51

There is a word with just one consonant between two vowels.

That consonant counts as the _______________ ____ ___ ______________.

Answer 51

the beginning of a syllable

The - ara - in bharati = bha + ra + ti