Chapter 7 Vowel Gradation

Question 1

What are the 3 vowel grades called?

Answer 1

zero grade gun_.a or full grade vrddhi or extended grade

Question 2

What are the other two grades of the vowel r.

Answer 2

ar and ār

Question 3

What are the other two grades of i/ī

Answer 3

e/ay and ai/āy

Question 4

When do you find e/ai When do you find ay/āy

Answer 4

e/ai is found when either is follwed by a comsonant ay/āy is found when either is follwed by a vowel

Question 5

Which vowel grade does the verbal root appear in the present-tense stem of verbs of Class 1

Answer 5

guna

Question 6

Which vowel grade does the verbal root appear in the present tense stem of verbs of Class 6

Answer 6

zero grade

Question 7

Which vowel grade does the verbal root appear in the present stem class of verbs of Class 10

Answer 7

any grade

Question 8

Give two reasons why a verbal root may be cited in guna in dictionary or vocabularey list

Answer 8

If a root adds a/ā not before but AFTER the zero grade vowel If a root ends in a nasal nasals are never used in zero grade

Question 9

What are the other 2 grades of u/ū

Answer 9

av/o and āv/au

Question 10

When do you find av/āv

Answer 10

when they appear before vowels,

zero grade vowel u/ū turns into which glides?

Question 11

When do you find o/au

Answer 11

when they appear before a consonant,

Zero grade vowels u/ū turn into which sounds?

Question 12

‘denominal verbs’

Answer 12

class X present tense forms that are based on nouns

Question 13

What is the ‘grade’ in which the stem appears for ‘denominal’ verbs (in Class X present tense forms)?

Answer 13

the form of the basic noun - often without the final vowel - such as

kathā ‘story’ -> /kath ‘to tell’ -> kathayati ‘he tells’

cintā ‘worry, thought’ -> /cint ‘to worry, think’ -> cintayati ‘she worries, thinks’

Question 14

Name the other two vowel gradation forms of the verbal root /vad ‘to speak, say’

Answer 14

zero grade /ud

vrddhi grade /vād

Question 15

Name the other two vowel gradation forms of the verbal root /vac ‘to speak’

Answer 15

zero grade /uc

vrddhi grade /vāc

Question 16

Name the other two vowel gradation forms of the verbal root /svap ‘to sleep’

Answer 16

zero grade /sup

vrddhi grade /svāp

Question 17

Name the other two vowel gradation forms of the verbal root /yaj ‘to sacrifice, offer’

Answer 17

zero grade /ij

vrddhi /yāj

Question 18

Name the other two vowel gradation forms of the verbal root /raks_. ‘to protect’

Answer 18

zero grade /r_.ks

vrddhi grade /rāks_,

Question 19

Name the class and the other two vowel gradation forms of the verbal root /ni ‘to lead’

Answer 19

Class 1

gun_.a /nay

vrddhi /nāy

Question 20

Name the class and the other two vowel gradation forms of the verbal root /dru ‘to run’

Answer 20

Class 1

gun_.a /drav

vr_.ddhi /drāv

Question 21

Name the class and the other two vowel gradation forms of the verbal root /bhū ‘to be’

Answer 21

Class 1

gun_.a /bhav

vr_.ddhi /bhāv

Question 22

What do nasals (m and n) turn into when they stand between consonants?

Answer 22

turn into the sound -a- when standing between consonants

Question 23

Name the class and the other two vowel gradation forms of the verbal root /cur ‘to steal’

Answer 23

Class X

gun_.a /cor

vr_.ddhi /caur

Question 24

Roots that end in -ā- form causatives by …

Answer 24

inserting -p- before the causative stem suffix of -aya-