Chapter 10: Preverbs

Question 1

Definition of preposition

Answer 1

They give us information about the role that nouns and pronouns they stand with play in a sentence.

Question 2

Difference between sanskrit and english prepositions

Answer 2

In english there are many prepositions standing before(pre) their nouns or pronouns and in sanskrit there are few and they stand behind(post) the nouns they belong to. Sanskrit is inflected and thus draws on endings to to mark the role a noun plays in the sentence.

Question 3

Most common prepositions in sanskrit (pospositions)

Answer 3

prati - “towards” used with ACC noun - nagaram prati “towards the city”

saha “with” used with INTR noun - mitraih saha “together with friends”

vinā “without” used with INSTR ACC ABL - bhayena/bhayam/bhayāt vinā “without fear”

Question 4

3 types of preverb translations/meanings

Answer 4

1. literally (parigacchati - “to go around”)
2. idiomatically (avagacchati - “to understand”) (from the essence of knowledge as descending knowledge thru parampara!)
3. Not at all (udmuñcati and pramuñcati mean the same thing “to release”)

Question 5

Form to look for in a dictionary when searching dictionary for meaning of apabharati?

Answer 5

verbal root bhr.

Question 6

How do you form a regular absolutive of a compound verb?

Answer 6

preverb + verbal root in zero grade + tya if verbal root ends in a short vowel, or + ya if it ends in anything else

Question 7

two most frequent sandhi changes in compound verbs

Answer 7

retroflexion of s and n are most frequent

Question 8

In sandhi when a vowel meets another identical vowel they merge to become

Answer 8

one long vowel merges

Question 9

In sandhi whenever long or short -i- or whenever long or short -u- meet a vowel other than themselves they…

Answer 9

turn into -y- and -v- respectively

Question 10

In sandhi whenver long or short -a- (a/ā) meets another vowel other than itself it then….

Answer 10

merges to form a new vowel

a/ā + i forms e

a/ā + u forms o

Question 11

In sandhi when a voiced consonant is follwed by an unvoiced consonant (when an unvoiced consonant comes after a voiced consonant) then

Answer 11

the first voiced consonant loses its voice and becomes unvoiced

thus ud+sthā (to stand up) becomes uttis.t.hati (he stands up from ud + irreg tis.t.hati … the voiced -d- in ud loses its aspiration to become dental unvoiced counterpart -t- and the new word with sandhi is uttisthati rather than udtisthati)

Question 12

In sandhi -m-

Answer 12

remains m before a consonant and becomes anusvāra -m. before a vowel

eg. sam+ā+gam and sam+gam as samāgacchatanti and sam.gacchanti both mean “they come together/they assemble”