Chapter 13 - Ī and Ū Stems; Visarga Sandhi

Question 1

Ī stems add their endings

Answer 1

directly to the stem

Question 2

Root ī stems changes with internal sandhi before an ending that begins with a vowel …

Answer 2

stem final -ī changes not into -y- but into -iy

Question 3

Root -ū stems change with internal sandhi before an ending that begins with a vowel …

Answer 3

stem final -ū changes not into -v- but into -uv

Question 4

adjectives may appear with declension endings different from the nouns they qualify; for example:

“the dear woman” NOM sg
“O woman” VOC sg

Answer 4

priyā nārī

priye nāri

Question 5

word final -s appears as visarga, -h.

when,

Answer 5

no other word follows

Question 6

visarga sandhi depends not only the vowel that follows but also

Answer 6

depends on the vowel that precedes

Question 7

original word final -r changes in front of initial -r by

Answer 7

dropping out and lengthening any preceeding vowel

Question 8

avagraha

Answer 8

the syllable which is not pronounced to show where -a had been when it is dropped

the apostrophe symbol in roman transliteration

Question 9

word final visarga appears as a corresponding sibilant in front of …

Answer 9

unvoiced stops that have their own corresponding sibilant
c(ch) -> ś
t.(t.h) -> s.
t(th) -> s

Question 10

final -ah. in front of any vowel other than -a turns into …

Answer 10

-a

Question 11

final -ah. in front of -a

Answer 11

changes into -o and the following -a is dropped (not pronounced) and marked with avagraha

Question 12

In transliteration avagraha is represented with

Answer 12

an apostrophe

Question 13

word repetition such as punar punar means

Answer 13

repeated action or continuous state … again and again

Question 14

yuge yuge

Answer 14

continuously throughout the ages, from age to age

Question 15

in front of any initial voiced sound (consonant or vowel) visarga preceded by other non-a/ā vowels (ih./īh., uh./ūh.) becomes …

Answer 15

r

Question 16

In front of any voiced initial sound -ā-visarga becomes

Answer 16

ā — the visarga is dropped

Question 17

In front of any voiced consonant the -a- visarga becomes

Answer 17

-o — the visarga is dropped and the -a becomes -o

Question 18

In front of any initial sound vowel other than short -a then the -a-visarga (-ah.) becomes

Answer 18

-a — the visarga is dropped and the -a remains -a