Chapter 8 Reading Flashcards
memory
the ability to store and retrieve information over time
memory
the ability to store and retrieve information over time
cognition
the processes of acquiring and using knowledge
explicit memory
knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered
episodid memory
type of explicit. firsthand experiences that we have had
semantic memory
our knowledge of facts and concepts about the world
relearning
measured to asses how much more quickly information is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has been learned but forgotten
procedural memory
our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things i.e. speaking english, riding a bike
classical conditioning
unconscious associations, relating one stimulus to another
priming
changes in behavior as a result of experiences that have happened frequenty or recently
recall test
a measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered
recognition memory test
a measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether other information has been seen or learned before
impicit memory
influence of experience on behavior
word fragment test
test of priming. words with blank letters aren’t recognizable until after you read a sentence with them.
sensory memory
brief storage of sensory information.
iconic memory
visual sensory memory ~250 milliseconds. a small buffer for the brain to see the world continulously
auditory sensory memory
“echoic memory”. lasts four seconds, long enough to remember my sentence or prof to take notes.
edetic memory
“photographic memory”, sensory data persists much longer. i.e. mozart being able to play back music.
short-term memory
“STM”, the place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually less than one minute
working memory
the processes that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and store information in STM
central executive
part of working memory directs attention and processing
maintenance rehearsal
the process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory
chunking
the process of organizing information into smaller groupings (chunks), thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in STM
long-term memory
memory storage that can hold information for days, months, and years
long term memory process
memory must be encoded, stored, and then retrieved
spacing effect
the fact that learning is better when the same amount of study is spread out over periods of time than it is when it occurs together or at the same time
distributed practice
practice spread out over time
massed practice
practice that comes in one block
overlearning
continuing to practice even when we think that we have mastered the material. good idea
retrieval
the process of reactivating that has been stored in memory
tip-of-the-toungue phenomena
when you feel certain that we know something that we are trying to recall but cannot quite come up with it
context-dependent learning
an increase in retrieval when the external situation in which information is learned matches the situation in which it is remembered
state-dependent learning
superior retrieval of memories when the individual is in the same physiological or psychological state as during encoding
serial position curve
variations in the ability to retrieve information based on position learned.
primacy effect
a tendency to better remember stimuli that are presented earlier in a list
recency effect
the tendency to better remember stimuli that are presented later in a list
retroactive interference
when learning something new impairs our ability to retrieve information that we learned earlier
proactive interference
earlier learning impairs our ability to encode information that we try to learn later
categories
networks of associated memories that have features in common with each other
