Chapter 8 Reading

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 2

memory

Answer 2

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 3

cognition

Answer 3

the processes of acquiring and using knowledge

Question 4

explicit memory

Answer 4

knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered

Question 5

episodid memory

Answer 5

type of explicit. firsthand experiences that we have had

Question 6

semantic memory

Answer 6

our knowledge of facts and concepts about the world

Question 7

relearning

Answer 7

measured to asses how much more quickly information is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has been learned but forgotten

Question 8

procedural memory

Answer 8

our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things i.e. speaking english, riding a bike

Question 9

classical conditioning

Answer 9

unconscious associations, relating one stimulus to another

Question 10

priming

Answer 10

changes in behavior as a result of experiences that have happened frequenty or recently

Question 11

recall test

Answer 11

a measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered

Question 12

recognition memory test

Answer 12

a measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether other information has been seen or learned before

Question 13

impicit memory

Answer 13

influence of experience on behavior

Question 14

word fragment test

Answer 14

test of priming. words with blank letters aren’t recognizable until after you read a sentence with them.

Question 15

sensory memory

Answer 15

brief storage of sensory information.

Question 16

iconic memory

Answer 16

visual sensory memory ~250 milliseconds. a small buffer for the brain to see the world continulously

Question 17

auditory sensory memory

Answer 17

“echoic memory”. lasts four seconds, long enough to remember my sentence or prof to take notes.

Question 18

edetic memory

Answer 18

“photographic memory”, sensory data persists much longer. i.e. mozart being able to play back music.

Question 19

short-term memory

Answer 19

“STM”, the place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually less than one minute

Question 20

working memory

Answer 20

the processes that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and store information in STM

Question 21

central executive

Answer 21

part of working memory directs attention and processing

Question 22

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 22

the process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory

Question 23

chunking

Answer 23

the process of organizing information into smaller groupings (chunks), thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in STM

Question 24

long-term memory

Answer 24

memory storage that can hold information for days, months, and years

Question 25

long term memory process

Answer 25

memory must be encoded, stored, and then retrieved

Question 26

spacing effect

Answer 26

the fact that learning is better when the same amount of study is spread out over periods of time than it is when it occurs together or at the same time

Question 27

distributed practice

Answer 27

practice spread out over time

Question 28

massed practice

Answer 28

practice that comes in one block

Question 29

overlearning

Answer 29

continuing to practice even when we think that we have mastered the material. good idea

Question 30

retrieval

Answer 30

the process of reactivating that has been stored in memory

Question 31

tip-of-the-toungue phenomena

Answer 31

when you feel certain that we know something that we are trying to recall but cannot quite come up with it

Question 32

context-dependent learning

Answer 32

an increase in retrieval when the external situation in which information is learned matches the situation in which it is remembered

Question 33

state-dependent learning

Answer 33

superior retrieval of memories when the individual is in the same physiological or psychological state as during encoding

Question 34

serial position curve

Answer 34

variations in the ability to retrieve information based on position learned.

Question 35

primacy effect

Answer 35

a tendency to better remember stimuli that are presented earlier in a list

Question 36

recency effect

Answer 36

the tendency to better remember stimuli that are presented later in a list

Question 37

retroactive interference

Answer 37

when learning something new impairs our ability to retrieve information that we learned earlier

Question 38

proactive interference

Answer 38

earlier learning impairs our ability to encode information that we try to learn later

Question 39

categories

Answer 39

networks of associated memories that have features in common with each other

Question 40

speading activation

Answer 40

screwdriver makes people remember wrench. how things in a category relate activatedly to each other.

Question 41

defining features

Answer 41

something that is true for all members of a long-term memory category. such as birds lay eggs and triangles have three sides. not all categories have them

Question 42

shcemas

Answer 42

patterns of knowledge in long-term memory that help us organize information

Question 43

long-term potentiation

Answer 43

the strengthening of the synaptic connections between neurons as a result of frequent stimulation. period when this occurs is known as consolidation

Question 44

cerebellum

Answer 44

holds implicit memories

Question 45

hippocampus

Answer 45

handles explicit memories

Question 46

amygdala

Answer 46

handles emotional memories

Question 47

amnesia

Answer 47

a memory disorder that involves the inability to remember information

Question 48

retrograde amnesia

Answer 48

a memory disorder that involves an inability to retrieve events that occurred before a given time

Question 49

anterograde amnesia

Answer 49

the inability to transfer information from short-term into long-term memory

Question 50

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Answer 50

memory

Question 51

the processes of acquiring and using knowledge

Answer 51

cognition

Question 52

knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered

Answer 52

explicit memory

Question 53

type of explicit. firsthand experiences that we have had

Answer 53

episodid memory

Question 54

our knowledge of facts and concepts about the world

Answer 54

semantic memory

Question 55

measured to asses how much more quickly information is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has been learned but forgotten

Answer 55

relearning

Question 56

our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things i.e. speaking english, riding a bike

Answer 56

procedural memory

Question 57

unconscious associations, relating one stimulus to another

Answer 57

classical conditioning

Question 58

changes in behavior as a result of experiences that have happened frequenty or recently

Answer 58

priming

Question 59

a measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered

Answer 59

recall test

Question 60

a measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether other information has been seen or learned before

Answer 60

recognition memory test

Question 61

influence of experience on behavior

Answer 61

impicit memory

Question 62

test of priming. words with blank letters aren't recognizable until after you read a sentence with them.

Answer 62

word fragment test

Question 63

brief storage of sensory information.

Answer 63

sensory memory

Question 64

visual sensory memory ~250 milliseconds. a small buffer for the brain to see the world continulously

Answer 64

iconic memory

Question 65

"echoic memory". lasts four seconds, long enough to remember my sentence or prof to take notes.

Answer 65

auditory sensory memory

Question 66

"photographic memory", sensory data persists much longer. i.e. mozart being able to play back music.

Answer 66

edetic memory

Question 67

"STM", the place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually less than one minute

Answer 67

short-term memory

Question 68

the processes that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and store information in STM

Answer 68

working memory

Question 69

part of working memory directs attention and processing

Answer 69

central executive

Question 70

the process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory

Answer 70

maintenance rehearsal

Question 71

the process of organizing information into smaller groupings (chunks), thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in STM

Answer 71

chunking

Question 72

memory storage that can hold information for days, months, and years

Answer 72

long-term memory

Question 73

memory must be encoded, stored, and then retrieved

Answer 73

long term memory process

Question 74

the fact that learning is better when the same amount of study is spread out over periods of time than it is when it occurs together or at the same time

Answer 74

spacing effect

Question 75

practice spread out over time

Answer 75

distributed practice

Question 76

practice that comes in one block

Answer 76

massed practice

Question 77

continuing to practice even when we think that we have mastered the material. good idea

Answer 77

overlearning

Question 78

the process of reactivating that has been stored in memory

Answer 78

retrieval

Question 79

when you feel certain that we know something that we are trying to recall but cannot quite come up with it

Answer 79

tip-of-the-toungue phenomena

Question 80

an increase in retrieval when the external situation in which information is learned matches the situation in which it is remembered

Answer 80

context-dependent learning

Question 81

superior retrieval of memories when the individual is in the same physiological or psychological state as during encoding

Answer 81

state-dependent learning

Question 82

variations in the ability to retrieve information based on position learned.

Answer 82

serial position curve

Question 83

a tendency to better remember stimuli that are presented earlier in a list

Answer 83

primacy effect

Question 84

the tendency to better remember stimuli that are presented later in a list

Answer 84

recency effect

Question 85

when learning something new impairs our ability to retrieve information that we learned earlier

Answer 85

retroactive interference

Question 86

earlier learning impairs our ability to encode information that we try to learn later

Answer 86

proactive interference

Question 87

networks of associated memories that have features in common with each other

Answer 87

categories

Question 88

screwdriver makes people remember wrench. how things in a category relate activatedly to each other.

Answer 88

speading activation

Question 89

something that is true for all members of a long-term memory category. such as birds lay eggs and triangles have three sides. not all categories have them

Answer 89

defining features

Question 90

patterns of knowledge in long-term memory that help us organize information

Answer 90

shcemas

Question 91

the strengthening of the synaptic connections between neurons as a result of frequent stimulation. period when this occurs is known as consolidation

Answer 91

long-term potentiation

Question 92

holds implicit memories

Answer 92

cerebellum

Question 93

handles explicit memories

Answer 93

hippocampus

Question 94

handles emotional memories

Answer 94

amygdala

Question 95

a memory disorder that involves the inability to remember information

Answer 95

amnesia

Question 96

a memory disorder that involves an inability to retrieve events that occurred before a given time

Answer 96

retrograde amnesia

Question 97

the inability to transfer information from short-term into long-term memory

Answer 97

anterograde amnesia