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General Psychology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

development

A

the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic predispositions (nature) and by environmental influences (nurture)

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2
Q

infancy

A

the developmental stage that begins at birth and continues to one year of age

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3
Q

childhood

A

the period between infancy and the onset of puberty

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4
Q

adolescence

A

the years between the onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood

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5
Q

adulthood stages

A

emerging, early, middle, older

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6
Q

conception

A

when an ovum, or egg, previously stored in one of the mother’s ovaries, matures and is released into fallopian tube

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7
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized ovum,

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8
Q

differentiate

A

when dividing cells in a zygote start to take on a different function

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9
Q

amniotic sac

A

the fluid-filled reservoir in which the embryo (soon to be fetus) will live until live birth, which acts as both a cushion against outside pressure and as a temperature regulator

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10
Q

placenta

A

an organ that allows the exchange of nutrients between the embryo and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material

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11
Q

umbilical cord

A

links the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all material to the fetus

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12
Q

teratogens

A

substances that harm the fetus

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13
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

a condition caused by maternal alcohol drinking that can lead to numerous detrimental developmental effects, including limb and facial abnormalities

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14
Q

rooting reflex

A

cheek stroked->turns toward stroking, opens mouth, tries to suck. to help get food

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15
Q

blink reflex

A

light flashed in eyes->closes eyes. to protect from harmful stimulus

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16
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

a soft pinprick is applied to the sole of the baby’s foot->baby flexes the leg. keeps infant away from painful stimuli

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17
Q

tonic neck reflex

A

laid down on back->turns its head to one side and extends the arm on same side. to develop hand eye coordination.

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18
Q

grasp reflex

A

object pressed into palm->baby grasps object. helps with exploratory learning

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19
Q

moro reflex

A

loud noises or sudden drop in height while holding baby->extends arms and legs and brings them in as if to grab. to protect from falling+hold onto mothers.

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20
Q

stepping reflex

A

baby suspending over a surface and moved forwards->baby makes stepping motions. to encourage motor development

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21
Q

Erik Erikson’s childhood development skills

A

children must attain initiative, competence, and independence

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22
Q

Piaget’s stage model of cognitive development

A

children gain their cognitive ability in developmental order

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23
Q

schemas

A

patterns of knowledge in long-term memory, that help them remember, organize and respond to information. developed by children

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24
Q

assimilation

A

use already developed schemas to understand new information

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25
Q

accommodation

A

learning new information, and changing the schema

26
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

27
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

birth-2 years. The child experiences the world through the fundamental senses of seeing, hearing, touching, and tasting. Gain: object permanence.

28
Q

preoperational

A

2-7 years. children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery. They also start to see the world through others’ eyes. Intuitive understanding of world. Gain: theory of mind; rapid increase in language ability

29
Q

concrete operational

A

7-11 years. children become able to think logically, they can increasingly perform operations on imaginary objects. gain: conservation

30
Q

formal operational

A

11-adulthood. adolescents can think systematically, can reason about abstract concepts, and can understand ethics and scientific reasoning. gain: abstract logic

31
Q

egocentric

A

unable to readily see and understand other peoples’ viewpoints

32
Q

theory of mind

A

the ability to take another person’s viewpoint, developed mainly during pre operational stage

33
Q

conservation

A

understanding that changes in the form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quantity of the object

34
Q

sociocultural theory

A

cognitive development not entirely within the child, also through social interactions

35
Q

community learning

A

in which children serve as both teachers and learners

36
Q

self-concept

A

a knowledge representation or schema that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs and about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals

37
Q

social comparison

A

age 5 or 6. comparison of self to others, i.e. “he is a faster runner”

38
Q

attachment

A

the emotional bonds that we develop with those with whom we feel closest, and particularly the bonds that an infant develops with the mother or primary caregiver

39
Q

strange situation test

A

test conducted in a context that is unfamiliar to the child and therefore likely to heighten the child’s need for his or her parent

40
Q

child attachment styles

A

secure, ambilvant/insecure-resistant, avoidant/insecure-avoidant, disorganized

41
Q

secure

A

explores freely when mom around, engages with stranger, upset but easily soothed

42
Q

ambivalent/insecure-resistant

A

wary in general, clingy to mom, distressed when leaves and ambivalent when returns

43
Q

avoidant/insecure-avoidant

A

avoid ignore mother, avoid ignore stranger, not explore much. might run away from mother

44
Q

disorganized

A

no consistent way of coping with changes

45
Q

teen stages of identity development

A

identity-diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, identity-achievement

46
Q

identity-diffusion status

A

individual does not have firm commitments regarding the issues in question and is not making progress towards them

47
Q

foreclosure status

A

the individual has not engaged in any identity experimentation and has developed an identity based on the choices or values of others

48
Q

moratorium status

A

individual is exploring various choices but has not yet made a clear commitment to any of them

49
Q

identity-achievement status

A

the individual has attained a coherent and committed identity based on personal decisions

50
Q

social identity

A

the part of the self-concept that is derived from one’s groups memberships

51
Q

morality

A

standards of behavior that are generally agreed on in a culture to be right or proper

52
Q

pre conventional morality

A

until the age of 9, children focus on self-interest. at this stage, punishment is avoided and rewards are sought.

53
Q

conventional morality

A

older children, adolescents, most adults. values good derived from most social norms.

54
Q

postconventional morality

A

many adults. employing abstract reasoning to justify behavior.

55
Q

adulthood stage ages

A

25-45: early, 45-65: middle

56
Q

authoritarian parents

A

demanding but not responsive

57
Q

permissive parents

A

few demands, few punishment, responsive

58
Q

authoritative parents

A

demanding but responsive

59
Q

menopause

A

the cessation of the menstrual cycle

60
Q

social clock

A

culturally preferred “right time” for major life events, such as moving out of childhood house, getting married, having children

61
Q

dementia

A

a progressive neurological disease that includes loss of cognitive abilities significant enough to interfere with everyday behaviors

62
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

a form of dementia, over a period of years, leads to a loss of emotions, cognitions, and physical functioning, and which is ultimately fatal.

General Psychology (17 decks)

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