Chapter 5

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

Question 2

dualism

Answer 2

mind separate entity from body. espoused by old-timey philosophers but now rejected: brain, part of body, is mind

Question 3

circadian rhythm

Answer 3

daily rhythm that guides waking and sleeping cycle in many animals.

Question 4

season affective disorder

Answer 4

more likely to experience depression in winter due to less bright light. helped by exposure to bright lights

Question 5

suprachiasmatic nucleas

Answer 5

analyzes strength and duration to of light and sends that to brain, acting as the brain’s circadian “pacemaker”

Question 6

melatonin

Answer 6

hormone secreted by the pineal gland when low light, makes you drowsy/sleepy

Question 7

rapid eye movement (REM)

Answer 7

a stage of deep sleep characterized by fast moving eyes and dreaming

Question 8

non-REM sleep

Answer 8

a deep sleep, characterized by very slow brain waves, that is further subdivided into three stages: N1, N2, N3

Question 9

brain waves, going from awake to deeper sleeps

Answer 9

waves get slower as sleepier. beta waves (awake) ->alpha waves(N1) -> theta waves (N1)->delta waves (N3)

Question 10

N1 stage of sleep

Answer 10

alpha then theta waves. drowsiness, some lost muscle tone, most awareness gone. twitches and vivid hallucinations

Question 11

N2 stage of sleep

Answer 11

further decrease in muscle activity, conscious awareness of environment lost. roughly half of total sleep time. theta waves with bursts of rapid brain activity called sleep spindles

Question 12

sleep spindles

Answer 12

bursts of rapid brain activity that intersperse theta waves of N2 sleep

Question 13

N3 sleep

Answer 13

slow wave sleep with more very slow delta waves. most sleep abnormalities occur here. some muscle tone still exists, meaning sleepwalking is possible. limited awareness, reacting to things like smoke or baby crying.

Question 14

insomnia

Answer 14

persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep

Question 15

sleep apnea

Answer 15

a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least ten seconds

Question 16

narcolepsy

Answer 16

a disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of “nodding off”

Question 17

sonambulism

Answer 17

sleepwalking, leaving bed and moving around while asleep

Question 18

sleep terrors

Answer 18

disruptive sleep disorder, may feature intense panic and loud screams. inability to wake up even though you want to.

Question 19

bruxism

Answer 19

teeth grinding during sleep

Question 20

restless leg syndrome

Answer 20

itching, burning, or otherwise uncomfortable feeling in legs, worse when sleeping

Question 21

periodic limb movement disorder

Answer 21

sudden involuntary movement of limbs

Question 22

dreams

Answer 22

the succession of images, thoughts, sounds, and emotions that passes through our minds while sleeping

Question 23

wish fulfillment

Answer 23

freudian belief that dreaming allows us to act out desires we repress during the day

Question 24

manifest content vs latent content

Answer 24

literal actions vs hidden psychological meaning of a dream. uncover meaning of dreams with psychoanalysis to get a better handle on dreams. freudian theory.

Question 25

activation-synthesis theory

Answer 25

dreaming is neurons randomly firing off in the brain stem, cortex trying to make sense of it.

Question 26

psychoactive drug

Answer 26

a chemical that changes our states of consciousness, particularly our perceptions and moods. operates in synapses of central nervous system. agonists and antagonists.

Question 27

stimulant

Answer 27

block reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and enhanced mood, increased energy. caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines

Question 28

depressant

Answer 28

increases production of GABA and decrease ACh. calming, sleep, pain relief. alcohol and barbituates

Question 29

opiods

Answer 29

chemically similar to endorphins, body's natural pain reducers. slowing of many functions, conspitation, respiratory and cardiac depression.

Question 30

hallucinogens

Answer 30

similar to seratonin and epinephrine, mimic them. altered consciousness, hallucinations. weed, LSD, mescaline, PCP, peyote

Question 31

tolerance

Answer 31

increase in dose required to produce the same effect

Question 32

dependence

Answer 32

need to use a drug or other substance regularly

Question 33

withdrawal

Answer 33

negative experiences that accompany reducing or stopping drug use, including physical pain and other symptoms. When the user powerfully craves the drug and is driven to seek it out, over and over again, no matter what the physical, social and financial, and legal cost

Question 34

safety ratio

Answer 34

fatal dose/effective dose. heroin=6, marijuana = 1000

Question 35

stimulant

Answer 35

a psychoactive drug that operates by blocking reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the CNS

Question 36

caffeine

Answer 36

bitter psychoactive drug found in the beans, leaves and fruits of plants.

Question 37

nicotine

Answer 37

psychoactive drug found in nightshade family of plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide

Question 38

cocaine

Answer 38

an addictive drug obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. blood vessels, dilates pupils, increases body temp and heart rate.

Question 39

amphetamine

Answer 39

a stimulant that pro dues increased wakefulness and focus, along with decreased fatigue and appetite, prescriptions control ADHD

Question 40

methamphetamine

Answer 40

methylated amphetamines. highly dangerous

Question 41

MDMA

Answer 41

ecstasy, very strong stimulant. huge ups and downs

Question 42

depressant

Answer 42

a psychoactive drug that reduces the activity of the CNS. increased GABA, decreased ACh.

Question 43

alcohol

Answer 43

colorless liquid, produced by fermentation of sugar or starch, that is the intoxicating agent in fermented drinks

Question 44

barbituates

Answer 44

depressants that are commonly prescribed as sleeping pills and painkillers. low doses=sleepiness, relaxation. high doses=sluggishness, difficulty thinking, slowness of speech, drowsiness, faulty judgement, and eventually coma or death

Question 45

benzodiazepines

Answer 45

a family of despressants used to treat anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and muscle spasms. mild sedation and anxiety relief in low doses,

Question 46

toxic inhalants

Answer 46

vapors inhaled.

Question 47

opiods

Answer 47

chemicals that produce activity in opiod receptor neurons in the brain and in the digestive system, producing euphoria, analgesia, slower breathing, and constipation`

Question 48

opium

Answer 48

dried use of the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy.

Question 49

morphine and heroin

Answer 49

stronger, more addictive drugs derived from opium

Question 50

codeine

Answer 50

weaker and less addictive member of opiate family.

Question 51

hallucinogens

Answer 51

psychoactive drugs that alter sensation and perception and that may create hallucinations. mimic serotonin and epinephrine.

Question 52

hypnosis

Answer 52

a trance-like state of consciousness, usually induced by a procedure known as hypnotic induction, which consists of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus

Question 53

sensory deprivation

Answer 53

intentional reduction of stimuli affecting one or more of the five senses, with the possibility of resulting changes in consciousness

Question 54

meditation

Answer 54

techniques in which the individual focuses on something specific, such as an object, a word, or one's breathing, with the goal of ignoring external distractions, focusing on one's internal state, and a achieving a state of relaxation and well-being