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General Psychology > Chapter 4 Section 1+2 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Section 1+2 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

awareness resulting from the stimulation of a sense organ

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2
Q

perception

A

organization and interpretation of sensations

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3
Q

six senses

A

seeing, hearing, smell, touch, tasting, proprioception

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4
Q

transduction

A

the conversion of stimuli into receptor cells to electrical impulses that are sent to the brain

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5
Q

psychophysics

A

the branch of psychology that studies the effects of physical stimuli on sensory perceptions and mental states

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6
Q

absolute threshold

A

the intensity of a stimulus that allows an organism to just barely detect it. conscious stimulus we can detect >50% of the time.

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7
Q

signal detection analysis

A

a technique used to determine the ability of the perceiver to separate true signals from background noise

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8
Q

signal detection analysis responses

A

hit: correct yes. false alarm: incorrect yes. miss: incorrect no. correct rejection: correct no.

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9
Q

sensitivity

A

true ability of individual to detect presence or absence of signals

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10
Q

response bias

A

behavior tendency to respond yes to trials

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11
Q

just noticeable difference

A

the change in stimulus that can just barely be detected by an organism

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12
Q

weber’s law

A

just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion to the original intensity of the stimulus

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13
Q

subliminal stimuli

A

events that occur below the absolute threshold and of which we are not conscious

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14
Q

blindsight

A

a condition in which people are unable to consciously report on visual stimuli but nevertheless are able to accurately answer questions about what they’re seeing

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15
Q

electromagnetic energy

A

pulses of energy waves that can carry information from place to place

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16
Q

wavelength

A

the distance between one wave peak and the next wave peak

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17
Q

visible spectrum

A

400-700nm, parts of em spectrum human eye can see.

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18
Q

cornea

A

a clear covering that protects the eye and begins to focus the incoming light

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19
Q

pupil

A

small opening in the center of the eye

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20
Q

iris

A

colored part of center of eye that controls the pupil by restricting or dilating in response to light intensity

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21
Q

lens

A

behind the pupil. a structure that focuses incoming light on the retina

22
Q

retina

A

layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells

23
Q

visual accomodation

A

the process of changing the curvature of the lens to keep the light entering the eye focused on the retina

24
Q

nearsighted

A

person’s focus is in front of the retina

25
Q

farsighted

A

person’s focus is behind the retina

26
Q

once light hits retina

A

received by rods and cones receptor cells, then spreads to bipolar and then ganglion cells (optic nerve)

27
Q

optic nerve

A

collection of millions of ganglion neurons that sends vast amount of visual information via the thalamus to the brain

28
Q

rods

A

visual receptors focused on black, white, and gray. helpful in dim light, at night

29
Q

cones

A

visual neurons that are specialized in detecting fine details and color

30
Q

fovea

A

central point of retina

31
Q

blind spot

A

no photoreceptor cells at the place where the optic nerve leaves the retina

32
Q

feature detector neurons

A

specialized neurons, located in the visual cortex, that respond to the strength, angles, shapes, edges, and movements of a visual stimulous

33
Q

shade of color

A

hue. conveyed by wavelength of the light that enters enters the eye. combination of red, green, and blue.

34
Q

intensity

A

height (amplitude of the wave). brightness in light

35
Q

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic color theory

A

what color we see depends on the mix of signals from the three types of cones

36
Q

color blindness

A

inability to detect either green or red colors

37
Q

opponent-process color theory

A

opposed to Young-helmholtz theory, that we analyze sensory information not in terms of three colors but rather in sets of “opponent colors”: red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black. supported by excitation and inhibitions of different neurons linked to different colors.

38
Q

gestalt

A

a meaningfully organized whole

39
Q

figure and ground

A

tendency to see figures against grounds (backgrounds), i.e. two faces=vase

40
Q

similarity

A

tendency to group stimuli that are similar to each other. i.e. XYXYXYXYX seen as groups of XYX

41
Q

proximity

A

tendency to group nearby figures together

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42
Q

continuity

A

tendency to percieve stimuli in smooth, continuous ways rather than in more discontinuous ways

43
Q

closure

A

we tend to fill gaps in i.e. the cones in the circle

44
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to perceive three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distance

45
Q

visual cliff

A

a mechanism that gives the perception of a dangerous drop-off, in which infants can be safely tested for their perception of depth

46
Q

depth cues

A

messages from our bodies and the external environment that supply us with information about space and distance

47
Q

binocular depth cues

A

depth cues created by retinal image disparity, that is, the space between our eyes, and thus which require the coordination of both eyes

48
Q

convergence

A

the inward turning of our eyes that is required to focus on objects that are less than 50 feet away from us

49
Q

accommodation

A

muscle changes around lens during accommodation tell us about how far away something is.

50
Q

monocular depth cues

A

depth cues that help us perceive depth using only one eye.

51
Q

the beta effect

A

the perception of motion that occurs when different images are presented next to each other in succession . used to make movies possible.

52
Q

the phi phenomenon

A

we percieve a sensation of motion caused by the appearance and disappearance of objects that are near each other

General Psychology (17 decks)

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