Chapter 14

Question 1

social psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of how we feel about, think about, and behave toward the other people around us, and how those people influence our thoughts, feeling, and behavior

Question 2

the social situation

Answer 2

the people with whom we are interacting

Question 3

social cognition

Answer 3

the part of human thinking that helps us understand and predict the behavior of ourselves and others

Question 4

attitudes

Answer 4

enduring evaluations of people or things

Question 5

social norms

Answer 5

the accepted beliefs about what we do or what we should do in particular social situations

Question 6

stereotyping

Answer 6

the tendency to attribute personality characteristics to people on the basis of their external appearance or social group memberships

Question 7

prejudice

Answer 7

the tendency to dislike people because of their appearance or group memberships

Question 8

discrimination

Answer 8

negative behaviors toward others based on prejudice

Question 9

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 9

when our expect ions about the personality characteristics of others lead us to behave toward those others in ways that make those beliefs come true

Question 10

associal identity

Answer 10

the positive emotions that we experience as a result of our group memberships

Question 11

close relations

Answer 11

long term intimate and romantic relationships that we develop with another person- for instance, in a marriage

Question 12

interpersonal attraction

Answer 12

what makes people like, and even love each other

Question 13

self-disclosure

Answer 13

the tendency to communicate frequently, without fear of reprisal, and in an accepting and empathetic manner

Question 14

proximity

Answer 14

extent which people are physically near us

Question 15

mere exposure

Answer 15

tendency to prefer stimuli (including but not limited to people) that we have seen more frequently

Question 16

intimate relationship

Answer 16

when the partners in a relationship feel that they are close, and when they indicate the relationship is based on caring, warmth, acceptance and social support

Question 17

interdependent

Answer 17

in a relationship, relying on each other to meet important goals

Question 18

commitment

Answer 18

feelings and actions that keep partners working together to maintain the relationship

Question 19

passion

Answer 19

positive affect partners display towards each other

Question 20

responsiveness

Answer 20

people are happy, healthy, and likely to stay in relationships in which they are sure that they can trust the other person to understand, validate, and care for them

Question 21

causal attribution

Answer 21

the process of trying to determine the causes of people’s behavior, with the goal of learning about their personalities

Question 22

person attribution

Answer 22

when a behavior was caused by a person

Question 23

situation attribution

Answer 23

when we believe a behavior

Question 24

fundamental attribution error

Answer 24

the common tendency to overestimate the role of person factors and overlook the impact of situations in judging others

Question 25

attitude

Answer 25

our relatively enduring evaluations of people and things

Question 26

persuasive communications

Answer 26

shit like humor, consider their goals, effective communicators, classical conditioning.

Question 27

self-monitoring

Answer 27

the tendency to regulate behavior to meet the demands of social situations

Question 28

self-perception

Answer 28

when we use our own behavior as a guide to help us determine our own thoughts and feelings

Question 29

foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 29

a method of persuasion in which the person is first persuaded to accept a rather minor request and then asked for a larger one after that

Question 30

cognitive dissonance

Answer 30

the discomfort we experience when we choose to behave in ways that we see as inappropriate

Question 31

altruism

Answer 31

any behavior that is designed to increase another person's welfare, particularly those actions that do not seem to provide a direct reward to the person who performs then

Question 32

reasons for altruism

Answer 32

positive moods, similarity, guilt, empathy, benefits, personal responsibility, and self presentation.

Question 33

reciprocal altruism

Answer 33

the principle, that, if we help other people now, those others will return the favor should we need their help in the future

Question 34

reciprocity norm

Answer 34

reminds us that we should follow the principles of behavioral altruism

Question 35

social responsibility norm

Answer 35

we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of super payback

Question 36

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 36

when we assume that others will take action and therefore we do not take action ourselves

Question 37

agression

Answer 37

behavior that is intended to harm another individual

Question 38

displaced aggression

Answer 38

aggression directed at an object or person other than the person who caused the frustration

Question 39

catharsis

Answer 39

the idea that observing or engaging in less harmful aggressive action will reduce the tendency to aggress later in a more harmful way

Question 40

desensitization

Answer 40

the tendency over time to show weaker emotional responses to emotional stimuli

Question 41

conformity

Answer 41

a change in beliefs or behavior that occurs as the result of the presence of the other people around us

Question 42

obedience

Answer 42

the tendency to conform to those in authority

Question 43

minority influence

Answer 43

in which a smaller number of individuals is able to influence the opinions of behaviors of the larger group

Question 44

psychological resistance

Answer 44

a strong emotional reaction that leads people to resist pressures to conform

Question 45

social facilitation

Answer 45

the tendency to perform tasks better or faster in the presence of others

Question 46

social inhibitions

Answer 46

the tendency to perform tasks worse or slower in the presence of others

Question 47

dominant response

Answer 47

action we are most likely to emit in any situation

Question 48

group process

Answer 48

the events that occur while the group is working on the task

Question 49

social loafing

Answer 49

a group process that occurs when people do not work as hard in a group as they do when they are working alone.

Question 50

illusion of group productivity

Answer 50

the tendency for group members to overvalue the productivity of the groups they work in