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General Psychology > Chapter 2 Reading > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Reading Flashcards

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1
Q

basic research

A

answers fundamental questions about behavior

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2
Q

applied research

A

investigates issues that have implications for everyday life, provides solutions for everyday problems, i.e., is applicable
ex: what is most effective treatment for depression

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3
Q

scientific method

A

guides psychology. set of assumptions, rules, and procedures scientists use to conduct research

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4
Q

objectivity

A

freedom from personal bias of the scientists

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5
Q

replicate

A

most research is designed to repeat, add to, or modify other research: resulting in accumulation

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6
Q

scientific law

A

statements so general they apply to all situations within a given domain of inquiry

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7
Q

theory

A

an integrated set of principles that explains and predicts many but not all observed relationships within a given domain of inquiry

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8
Q

four good theory aspects

A

general: summarize many different outcomes. parsimonious: they provide simplest possible account of these outcomes.
provides ideas for future research
is falsifiable

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9
Q

falsifiable

A

variables of intersest can be adequately measured and the relationships between predicted by the theory can be shown through research to be incorrect

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10
Q

research hypothesis

A

a specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship between two+ variables or among two+

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11
Q

variable

A

any attribute that can assume different values among different peoples, times or places

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12
Q

conceptual variables

A

abstract ideas that form basis of research hypothesis: i.e. “cog development”, “learning”, “self-esteem”

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13
Q

measured variables

A

variables consisting of numbers that represent the conceptual variables.

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14
Q

operational definition

A

a precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into a measured variable

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15
Q

most direct ethical concern for scientist

A

prevent harm to subject

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16
Q

deception

A

when a participant in research is not informed of the nature of the project, active or passive. based on what data is wanted from the participant

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17
Q

institutional review board

A

a committee of at least five members, whose goal it is to determine the cost-benefit ratio of research at that institution. can OK, suggest modify, or outright veto research, including for ethical reasons

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18
Q

informed consent

A

conducted before a participant begins a research session, designed to explain the research procedures and inform participant of his/her rights during it.

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19
Q

debriefing

A

after a research, explaining purposes and procedure of research and reducing harmful after effects

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20
Q

research design

A

specific method a researcher uses to collect, analyze, and interpret data

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21
Q

descriptive research

A

designed to present snapshot of current state of affairs.

a: describes thoroughly what is happening at a given time, leads to/suggests more questions for study
d: Does not explore relationships between variables, potentially unethical if subject doesn’t know they’re being studied

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22
Q

correlational research

A

designed to assess relationship between two or more variables
Allows testing of predicted relationships between/among vars.
d: cannot draw conclusions about causal relations, can see what and but not why

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23
Q

experimental research

A

initial equivalence is created for more than one group, then an experience is adjusted for one group, the change brought by the adjustment is what is measured

a: most thorough, allows causal conclusions about relationships
d: expensive and time consuming, only manipulate few vars at a time.

24
Q

case study

A

a kind of descriptive research. descriptive records of one or more individual’s experiences and behavior. by looking at one person, usually with abnormal experiences or characteristics, trying to learn about human nature

25
Q

survey

A

a measure administered through either an interview or a written questionnaire to get a picture of the beliefs or behaviors of a sample of a people of interest

26
Q

sample

A

a selection of people from a population that the researcher wants to know about

27
Q

naturalistic observation

A

research based on the observation of everyday events.

28
Q

descriptive statistics

A

numbers that summarize the distribution of scores on a measured variable

29
Q

normal distribution

A

i.e. bell curve. usual data distribution, with most elements concentrated at center, with symmetrical distribution around it

30
Q

artithmetic mean

A

just an average. most commonly used measure of central tendency (point in which the distribution around which the data is centered)

31
Q

median

A

score at center of distribution, 50% are greater and half are less.

32
Q

mode

A

what value occurs most frequently

33
Q

standard deviation

A

’s’ most commonly used measure of dispersion

34
Q

scatter plot

A

representation of two values on a graph, useful in correlational and experimental studies.

35
Q

scatter plot relationship types

A

pos linear: one goes higher, the other goes higher
neg linear: one goes higher, the other lower
nonlinear: can’t be described with straight line
independent: no relationship seen between the two
direction of line changes: curvilinear

36
Q

pearson correlation coefficient

A

‘r’. from -1.00 to 1.00, measure of strength of linear relationship. negative number means negative relationship, further from zero is stronger.

37
Q

multiple regression analysis

A

stat technique, based on correlation between vars, where one result variable is drawn out of more than one predictor variable.

38
Q

common-causal variable

A

a variable that is not part of research hypothesis, but affects both predictor and outcome variable, causing the observed correlation between them

39
Q

spurious relationship

A

a relationship between two variables in which a common-causal variable is the reason for the apparent relationship between them

40
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that is causing the other, measured one to change, is directly changed by the researcher

41
Q

dependent variable

A

variable whose value is hopefully dependent on the other one’s, this is the one measured by the experimenter

42
Q

initial equivalence

A

groups at beginning of experiment are the same, they are changed/affected as part of the experiment

43
Q

experimental advantages and disadvantages

A

advantages: sound and empirical methodology allows study of causal relationships.
disadvantages: unable to test social factors, lab setting instead of everyday life

44
Q

valid research

A

if conclusions are legitimate. Perfectly valid research has no errors in the design of the experiment and the analysis of it.

45
Q

construct validity

A

how well measured variables represented conceptual variables, quality of operational definition

46
Q

reliability

A

getting the same results over and over, identical output from identical input. a part of construct validity, quality of the variables measured.

47
Q

statistical significance

A

how sure a scientist can be that some statistical results were not from chance or random error. Good statistical significance means there likely IS a relationship between the two things measured.

48
Q

statistical conclusion validity

A

How statistically sound the results of a paper are. High statistical significance means results are likely the result of a relationship and it’s ok to draw inferences from the data. Can never be 100% sure about this though. 5% is what researchers aim for.

49
Q

internal validity

A

primarily applies to indep vs dep relationships. how much can we trust inferences about the causal relationship shown? Relationship affected by confounding variables

50
Q

confounding variables

A

variables other than independent variable on which the participants one one experimental condition differ systematically from others

51
Q

experimenter bias

A

when an expectation from someone running an experiment somehow affects the outcome of the experiment, by treating different groups in different ways, becoming a confounding variable

52
Q

double-blind experiment

A

both researchers and participants are blind to the condition, i.e. don’t know which pills are real/placebo or which cups had vodka

53
Q

external validity

A

extent to which the results of a research design can be broadened out beyond conduct of original experiment

54
Q

generalization

A

extent to which relationships among conceptual variables can be demonstrated in a wide variety of people and wide variety of manipulated/measured variables

55
Q

replication

A

repeating of previous research, forms the basis of all scientific inquiry

56
Q

meta-analysis

A

stat technique that integrates the results of multiple studies and draws conclusions from that. 1. specifies inclusion criteria, 2. finds all studies that meet it, 3. provides objective measure of strength of observed relationships

General Psychology (17 decks)

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