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Nutrition > chapter 8 pt.2 > Flashcards

chapter 8 pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to support normal function, growth, and maintenance of the body is a

A

VITAMIN

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2
Q

About 50% to 90% of the water-soluble vitamins in the diet are absorbed, which means they have a relatively high ______.

A

bioavailability

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3
Q

The ______-soluble vitamins are more readily stored in the body than ______-soluble vitamins.

A

FAT; WATER

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4
Q

Exposure to ______ can cause a loss of certain vitamins

A

heat; light; oxygen

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5
Q

Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin are three ______ that can be converted to retinol, the active form of vitamin A.

A

carotenoids

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6
Q

If you consume above the RDA of the water-soluble vitamins, the excesses are excreted from the body. Which two water-soluble vitamins are not excreted and stored in the liver?

A

vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6.

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7
Q

Which vitamin plays a major role in maintaining the health of the epithelial cells?

A

vitamin A

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8
Q

What are the three main problems associated with vitamin A deficiency?

impaired vision
weakened immune system
weakened immune system
stunted growth
loss of bone density

A

impaired vision

weakened immune system

stunted growth

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9
Q

The two categories of functional foods are ______.

A

zoochemicals & phytochemicals

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10
Q

Sources of provitamin A carotenoids include:

fortified milk.
broccoli.
sweet potatoes.
carrots.
margarine.

A

broccoli.

sweet potatoes.

carrots.

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11
Q

What is the UL for carotenoids?

A

There is no UL for carotenoids.

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12
Q

Vitamin A maintains the health of the ______ cells, which line the surfaces of the lungs, intestines, stomach, vagina, urinary tract, and bladder.

A

epithelial

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13
Q

Which of the following are true about vitamin A deficiencies?

-Americans are at low risk for a vitamin A deficiency.
-deficiencies result in metabolic problems w/ processing carbohydrates, protein, and fat.
-Vitamin A deficiency is a major health problem in other parts of the world.
-Problems include impaired vision, weakened immune function, and stunted growth.

A

Americans are at low risk for a vitamin A deficiency.

Vitamin A deficiency is a major health problem in other parts of the world.

Problems include impaired vision, weakened immune function, and stunted growth.

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14
Q

Which of the following bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone?
-calcium.
-vitamin C.
-vitamin D.
-fluoride.

A

vitamin D.

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15
Q

High intakes of dietary carotenoids do not result in toxicities because

A

the efficiency of carotenoid absorption from the small intestine declines as intake increases.

the conversion of provitamin A carotenoids into vitamin A is slow and regulated.

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16
Q

Active vitamin D enhances the absorption of calcium and ______.

A

phosphorus

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17
Q

A compound manufactured by one organ that has a physiological effect on another organ or tissue is called a(n)

A

hormone

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18
Q

Why could a person with adequate calcium intake but a deficiency of vitamin D be at risk of bone fractures?

A

Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption

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19
Q

The primary consequence of hypercarotenemia is

A

yellowing of the skin

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20
Q

Active vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of

A

calcium.

phosphorus.

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21
Q

The RDA for vitamin D for adults from 19 to 70 years is ______ micrograms per day.

A

15

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22
Q

Vitamin D toxicity is most likely to result from

A

overuse of supplemental vitamin D.

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23
Q

The chemical name for the four forms of Vitamin E is

A

tocopherols

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24
Q

What is the UL for vitamin D for adults?

A

100 micrograms

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25
Q

When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include

A

calcium deposits in organs.

gastrointestinal disorders

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26
Q

Groups who are at high risk of a vitamin E deficiency include

A

preterm infants & smokers.

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27
Q

The names of the four tocotrienols are called what?

A

alpha, beta, delta, gamma

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28
Q

Which of the following are good food sources of vitamin E?

-dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1oz
-low-fat Greek yogurt, 1cup
-dried apricots (1/2 cup)
-sunflower oil, 1 TBSP

A

-dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1oz
-dried apricots (1/2 cup)
-sunflower oil, 1 TBSP

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29
Q

Excessive intake of Vitamin E can interfere with which vitamin?

A

K

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30
Q

Pair each form of vitamin K with its source.

-PHYLLOQUINONE
-MENAQUINONE
-MENADIONE

-synthetic
-gut bacteria
-green plants

A

phylloquinone
& green plants

menaquinone & bacteria

menadione & synthetic

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31
Q

True or false: Preterm infants tend to have low stores of vitamin E because this nutrient is transferred from the mother to the fetus near the end of gestation

A

TRUE
Many nutrients are transferred from the mother to the fetus during the last few weeks of gestation. Thus, preterm infants are at risk for several nutrient deficiencies, including vitamin E deficiency.

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32
Q

Vitamin E is found naturally in many _____

A

plant oils

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33
Q

What is the interaction between vitamin E and vitamin K?

A

Excessive levels of vitamin E will reduce the clotting ability of vitamin K.

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34
Q

Choose the processes that stop blood loss and maintain hemostasis:

a) thinning of blood
b) vasoconstriction
c) coagulation
d) platelet plug formation

A

b) vasoconstriction
c) coagulation
d) platelet plug formation

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35
Q

A deficiency in vitamin K can lead to ______.

A

bruising & excessive bleeding

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36
Q

Vitamin K serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that add carbon dioxide molecules to various proteins, thus enabling these proteins to bind to ______.

A

calcium

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37
Q

Which of the MyPlate food groups provides the most vitamin K?

A

Vegetables

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38
Q

Hemostasis describes body processes that

A

stop blood loss.

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39
Q

Which statements about B vitamins are true?

-They are absorbed primarily in the small intestine.
-They are absorbed in their coenzyme forms.
-They have relatively high bioavailability.
-They are best consumed as a supplement in their coenzyme forms.

A

-They are absorbed primarily in the small intestine.
-They have relatively high bioavailability.

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40
Q

How are the B vitamins absorbed?

A

free vitamins

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41
Q

he B vitamin required as a coenzyme to release energy from carbohydrates and some amino acids is

A

thiamin

42
Q

Typical North American B vitamin status is good because

A

sources of B-vitamins are plentiful.

many foods are fortified with B vitamins.

43
Q

Refining grains leads to a loss of

A

germ, bran, and husk layers of the grain.

B vitamins.

44
Q

Beriberi is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of

A

thiamin

45
Q

The primary function of
______ is to aid in the release of energy from carbohydrate.

A

thiamin

46
Q

Pork is an excellent source of thiamin. For an individual that does not eat pork, what are some food choices that would also be good sources of thiamin?

A

dried beans

ready-to-eat breakfast cereals

enriched grains

47
Q

Which B vitamin is necessary for the metabolism of some vitamins and minerals, plays an indirect role in the body’s antioxidant defense system, and participates in many energy-yielding metabolic pathways?

A

riboflavin

48
Q

Compared to refined or processed grains, whole grains contain

A

more vitamin E.

more fiber.

more magnesium.

49
Q

Food sources of riboflavin include

A

eggs.

milk.

enriched grains.

50
Q

Which two food groups supply the most thiamin in the typical American diet?

A

Protein foods

Grains

51
Q

Which of the following B-vitamins plays a role in the body’s antioxidant defense system as a coenzyme for glutathione peroxidase?

A

riboflavin

52
Q

The coenzyme forms of ______ are involved in breakdown and synthesis of fat and protein.

A

niacin

53
Q

Deficiencies of the following B vitamins often occur jointly because they all come from similar food sources.

A

thiamin

niacin

vitamin B-6

riboflavin

54
Q

Cow’s milk is an excellent source of

A

riboflavin

55
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of pellagra, the deficiency disease for niacin?
-diabetes
-dermatitis
-diarrhea
-dementia

A

dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

56
Q

what is niacin?

A

a coenzyme in metabolic reactions that yield energy from food

57
Q

the human body can synthesize niacin from an amino acid: ___mg of tryptophan can be converted into about 1 mg of niacin.

A

60

58
Q

Which of the following B-vitamins functions in the release of energy from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as well as in fatty acid synthesis? Its name comes from the Greek word meaning “from every side.”

-biotin
-panthothenic acid
-vitamin B-12
-folic acid

A

panothenic acid

59
Q

Choose the true statements about pantothenic acid deficiency.

-pantothenic acid deficiency is very common.
-a pantothenic acid deficiency may be unrecognizable.
-symptoms would be hidden among deficiencies of thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, and folate.
-might occur in alcoholism along w/ a nutrient-deficient diet.

A

-a pantothenic acid deficiency may be unrecognizable.
-symptoms would be hidden among deficiencies of thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, and folate.
-might occur in alcoholism along w/ a nutrient-deficient diet.

60
Q

The Adequate Intake (AI) for pantothenic acid is ______ milligrams per day for adults. Average consumption is ______.

a)25; significantly below this amount
b) 5; in excess of this amount
c) 5; significantly below this amount
d) 10 ; in excess of this amount

A

5; in excess of this amount

61
Q

The coenzyme form of ______ participates in more than 100 amino acid metabolism reactions, including homocysteine metabolism

A

vitamin B-6.

62
Q

Which of the following are potential consequences of vitamin B-6 deficiency?

-anemia
-nerve problems
-impaired blood clotting
-impaired immune response

A

anemia, nerve problems, impaired immune response

63
Q

The average intake of pantothenic acid of North Americans is ______ the AI.

A

greater than

64
Q

Which two B vitamins are needed for the synthesis of tryptophan to niacin?

-vitamin B-6.
-riboflavin
-pantothenic acid
-thiamin

A

vitamin B-6 & riboflavin

65
Q

The functions of vitamin B-6 include ______.

-homocysteine metabolism
-the regulation of fluid balance
-the synthesis of neurotransmitters
-the synthesis of nonessential amino acids

A

homocysteine metabolism

the synthesis of neurotransmitters

the synthesis of nonessential amino acids

66
Q

Because it is necessary for over 100 reactions in amino acid metabolism, a deficiency of ______ leads to widespread symptoms, including depression, skin disorders, and nerve problems.

A

vitamin B-6.

67
Q

Biotin assists in adding carbon dioxide to other compounds, which is needed for synthesizing ______.

-vitamins & minerals.
-fatty acids.
-glucose.
-certain amino acids.

A

fatty acids & glucose.

68
Q

The body’s needs for niacin are met by ______.

A

the synthesis from tryptophan & protein foods & enriched grains

69
Q

Functions of vitamin B-6 include ______.

A

conversion of tryptophan to niacin

synthesis of white blood cells and the heme portion of hemoglobin

breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose

70
Q

Which of the following are potential consequences of vitamin B-6 deficiency?

A

nerve problems

anemia

impaired immune response

71
Q

A B-vitamin that functions in the addition of carbon dioxide to other compounds during metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids is ______.

A

biotin

72
Q

Possible symptoms of biotin deficiency include ______.

A

nausea and vomiting

skin inflammation

muscle pain and weakness

73
Q

The food supply is thought to provide 40 to 60 micrograms of biotin per person per day, which ______ the AI for biotin.

A

exceeds

74
Q

The deficiency disease that causes scaly, inflamed skin, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and weakness is due to a lack of which B-vitamin?

A

biotin

75
Q

A key function of ______ is to supply or accept single carbon compounds.

A

folate

76
Q

The AI for biotin for adults is

A

30 micrograms/day.

77
Q

A deficiency of ______ results in macrocytic anemia because of its role in DNA synthesis.

A

folate

78
Q

The dietary folate equivalents (DFE) take into account the differences between the bioavailability of synthetic folic acid and natural folate. Which is more bioavailable?

A

synthetic folic acid

79
Q

Which of the following MyPlate food groups has the highest nutrient density for folate?

A

vegetables

80
Q

Choose the examples of how folate functions.

-Folate contributes to the development of coenzymes that aid in the synthesis of glucose and fatty acids.
-Folate works with vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-12 to metabolize homocysteine.
-Folate is essential for the metabolism of pyruvate.
-Folate functions in the formation of neurotransmitters in the brain.

A

Folate works with vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-12 to metabolize homocysteine.

Folate functions in the formation of neurotransmitters in the brain.

81
Q

Due to its potency, a UL has been set for:

a) folic acid only
b) folate found naturally in foods only
c) both folic acid & folate that occurs naturally in foods

A

folic acid only

82
Q

A deficiency of folate can lead to macrocytic anemia because of its role in ______.

A

DNA synthesis

83
Q

Place the steps of vitamin B-12 absorption in the correct order:
- cleavage of food-bound vitamin B-12 correct toggle button unavailable
-formation of intrinsic factor/B-12 complex incorrect toggle button unavailable
-absorption of vitamin B-12
-secretion of intrinsic factor by stomach cells incorrect toggle button unavailable

A
  1. cleavage of food-bound vitamin B-12.
  2. secretion of intrinsic factor by stomach cells
  3. formation of intrinsic factor/B-12 complex
  4. absorption of vitamin -B12.
84
Q

Which food group provides the least amount of folate?

A

Protein

85
Q

A key function of ______ is to supply or accept single carbon compounds.

A

folate

86
Q

______ is required for formation of the myelin sheath that insulates nerve cells.
a) vitamin C
b) vitamin A
c) vitamin B-12
d) vitamin B-6

A

c) vitamin B-12

87
Q

Which of the following steps of vitamin B-12 absorption occur in the stomach?

a) absorption of vitamin B-12
b) binding of vitamin B-12 to R-protein
c) cleavage of food-bound vitamin B-12
d) secretion of intrinsic factor

A

b) binding of vitamin B-12 to R-protein
c) cleavage of food-bound vitamin B-12
d) secretion of intrinsic factor

88
Q

To meet the daily requirements for folate, a person might include which foods in his or her diet?

a)pork & lean beef
b) green leafy veggies
c) apple juice
d) enriched cereals

A

green leafy vegetables

enriched cereals

89
Q

Vitamin B-12 is important for neurological health because it:

a) is required for formation of myelin.
b) has an antioxidant role in nervous tissue
c) is a precursor to some neurotransmitters

A

a) is required for formation of myelin.

90
Q

A vitamin B-12 deficiency that results from the malabsorption of vitamin B-12, not from an inadequate intake, is called ______.

A

pernicious anemia

91
Q

Neurological symptoms from a vitamin B-12 deficiency include ______.

a) impaired reflexes
b) eventual paralysis
c) malnourishment from poor food intake
d) dysfunctional muscle control

A

a) impaired reflexes
b) eventual paralysis
d) dysfunctional muscle control

92
Q

Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C?

a) citrus fruits
b) cauliflower
c) papayas
d) whole wheat bread

A

a) citrus fruits
b) cauliflower
c) papayas

93
Q

why will megadoses of vitamin C not be toxic?

A

vitamin C is water soluble & not stored.

94
Q

Forming body proteins, helping improve iron absorption, forming numerous compounds in the body, and supporting body defenses are all functions of ______.

A

vitamin C

95
Q

Choline plays a role in synthesis of which of the following components of the cell membrane?

a) phospholipids
b) aquaporins
c) cholesterol
d) glycoproteins

A

a) phospholipids

96
Q

Adult men need ______ milligrams of choline per day.

a) 425
b) 550

A

b) 550

97
Q

Side effects of excessive intake of choline include:

a) low blood pressure
b) neuromuscular effects
c) fishy body odor
d) increased blood pressure

A

a) low blood pressure
c) fishy body odor

98
Q

Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that primarily functions in

A

cell membrane structure

99
Q

Vitamin-like compounds include:

a) carnitine
b) tryptophan
c) taurine
d) inositol
e) sucralose

A

a) carnitine
c) taurine
d) inositol

100
Q

Which of the following is considered a dietary supplement?

a) branched chain amino acids
b) low-fat cookies & crackers
c) multiple vitamin

A

a) branched chain amino acids
c) multiple vitamin

101
Q

A person who relies on vitamin and mineral supplements rather than a balanced diet to obtain adequate nutrition is likely to miss out on:

a) phytochemicals
b) nutrient toxicities
c) fiber

A

a) phytochemicals

c) fiber

102
Q

When choosing supplements, look for the ____ label which indicates that the product has been evaluated and meets professionally accepted standards of supplement quality.

A

USP

Nutrition (13 decks)

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