chapter 8

Question 1

group the following foods on whether they contain preformed vitamin A or provitamin A carotenoids:
winter squad
fortified milk
carrots
mangoes
sweet potatoes
tuna
fortified margarine
spinach
eggs

Answer 1

PREFORMED VITAMIN A
tuna, eggs, fortified milk & margarine
PROVITAMIN A CAROTENOIDS:
carrots, spinach, winter squash, sweet potatoes, mangoes

Question 2

which of the following vitamins can be produced by bacteria in the microbiome?
vitamin B-12, choline, potassium, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin D, vitamin K, vitamin E

Answer 2

vitamins B-12 & K, thiamin, riboflavin

Question 3

consumign large amounts of ____ may contribute to fatigue
-refined carbohydrates
-vitamin C
-omega-3 fatty acids
-vitamin B-12

Answer 3

refined carbs

Question 4

which of the following is the best source of many B vitamins involved in energy metabolism?
fortified breakfast cereal
brightly colored fruits
vitamin-enhanced water
starchy veggies

Answer 4

fortified breakfast cereal

Question 5

match each scenario w/ the vitamin that is most likely to be supplemented for that purpose.

VITAMINS:
vitamin B-6, Niacin, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, folic acid, vitamin B-12.

SCENARIOS:
a) to prevent anemia & neurological symptoms while following a strict vegan diet
b) to assist blood clotting in a newborn baby whose intestinal tract isn’t yet populated w/ vitamin-producing bacteria
c) to boost HDL levels in an individual w/ a history of cardiovascular disease
d) prevent further bone malformations in a child w/ outwardly bowed legs indicative of rickets
e) to alleviate nausea during 1st trimester of pregnancy
f) to prevent neural tube defects during pregnancy

Answer 5

Vitamin B-6:
e) to alleviate nausea during 1st trimester pregnancy

Niacin:
c) to boost HDL levels in an individual w/ history of cardiovascular disease

Vitamin D:
d) prevent further bone malformations in a child w/ outwardly bowed legs indicative of rickets

Vitamin K:
b) to assist blood clotting in newborn baby whose intestinal tract isn’t yet populated w/ vitamin-producing bacteria

Folic acid:
f) to prevent neural tube defects during pregnancy

Vitamin B-12:
a) to prevent anemia & neurological symptoms while following strict vegan diet

Question 6

match each scenario w/ the fat-soluable vitamin that would most likely be recommended

VITAMINS:
D, A, K, E.

SCENARIO:
a) adult woman who is told after a bone mineral density test that she has osteomalacia
b) premature infant who is exhibiting signs of hemolysis
c) newborn baby who has difficulty w/ blood clotting
d) child in the developing world who stumbles frequently & is diagnosed w/ night blindness

Answer 6

VITAMIN D:
a) adult woman who is told after a bone mineral density test that she has osteomalacia

VITAMIN A:
d) child in the developing world who stumbles frequently & is diagnosed w/ night blindness

VITAMIN K:
c) newborn baby who has difficulty w/ blood clotting

VITAMIN E:
b) premature infant who is exhibiting signs of hemolysis

Question 7

which of the following are classified as dietary supplements according to the Dietary Supplement Health & Education Act of 1994?
Tobacco, vitamin, amino acid, mineral, herb, antacid

Answer 7

vitamin, amino acid, mineral, herb

Question 8

match each micronutrient w/ its deficiency symptoms:

MICRONUTRIENTS:
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin B-12

SYMPTOMS:
a) anemia characterized by many large red blood cells in the bloodstream despite adequate folate intake; can lead to nerve degeneration, paralysis, and death
b) inflammation of the mouth & tongue, inflamed skin, cracking of the tissue @ corners of the mouth
c) weakness, slow wound healing, bone pain, bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin
d) initial symptoms include poor appetite, weakness, weight loss; advanced symptoms include dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis.
e) weakness & loss of appetite, nervous tingling throughout the body, poor coordination, & severe edema.

Answer 8

thiamin:
e) weakness & loss of appetite, nervous tingling throughout the body, poor coordination, & severe edema.

riboflavin:
b) inflammation of the mouth & tongue, inflamed skin, cracking of the tissue @ corners of the mouth

niacin:
d) initial symptoms include poor appetite, weakness, weight loss; advanced symptoms include dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis.

vitamin C:
c) weakness, slow wound healing, bone pain, bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin

vitamin B-12:
a) anemia characterized by many large red blood cells in the bloodstream despite adequate folate intake; can lead to nerve degeneration, paralysis, and death

Question 9

match the food source w/ the appropriate vitamin:

FOODS:
fortified milk, dark green leafy veggies, plant oils, citrus fruits

VITAMINS:
E, D, K, C

Answer 9

fortified milk: vitamin D

plant oils: vitamin E

dark green leafy veggies: vitamin K

citrus fruits: vitamin C

Question 10

which vitamins have antioxidant functions?

vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, niacin

Answer 10

vitamins C & E, beta-carotene

Question 11

match each vitamin to its role in the body:

VITAMINS D, A, K, E, C, B-6.

ROLES:
a) assists w/ blood clotting
b) important for hemoglobin synthesis
c) promotes collagen synthesis
d) important for vision
e) increases calcium & phosphorus deposition in bones
f) neutralizes free radicals in cell membranes

Answer 11

VITAMIN D:
e) increases calcium & phosphorus deposition in bones

VITAMIN A:
b) important for hemoglobin synthesis

VITAMIN K:
a) assists w/ blood clotting

VITAMIN E:
f) neutralizes free radicals in cell membranes

VITAMIN C:
c) promotes collagen synthesis

VITAMIN B-6:
b) important for hemoglobin synthesis

Question 12

is CHOLINE a fat-soluble or water-soluble compound?

Answer 12

water-soluble

Question 13

T/F Choline is part of acetylcholine a(n) ____, important for learning, memory, & muscular coordination

Answer 13

neurotransmitter

Question 14

choline is a component of _____, compounds that make up cell membranes. One example of this type of compound is ___, which is often used as a food additive.

Answer 14

PHOSPHOLIPIDS & LECITHIN

Question 15

exceeding choline’s UL of 3.5 g/d may lead to fishy body odor & (low/high) blood pressure

Answer 15

LOW

Question 16

what are the signs of vitamin C toxicity?

Answer 16

false readings for medical tests for diabetes, kidney stones, gastrointestinal distress like nausea or diarrhea

Question 17

arrange the foods in order from greatest amount of vitamin C to lowest amount of vitamin C.

1c strawberries, 1c red peppers, 4oz steak, 1 medium orange

Answer 17

red peppers, strawberries, medium orange, 4oz steak

Question 18

w/ insufficient folate intake, immature ____ cannot divide bc they cannot form enough new ____ for 2 new nuclei, & so the cells grow progressively larger.

Answer 18

RED BLOOD CELLS, DNA

Question 19

reduction of mature red blood cells decreases the blood’s capacity to carry _____

Answer 19

OXYGEN

Question 20

folate deficiency condition known as MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA or _____ ANEMIA

Answer 20

macrocytic anemia

Question 21

type of anemia that clinically looks like folate-related anemia bc of enlarged red blood cells is a result of insufficient ____ intake and/or absorption.

Answer 21

VITAMIN B-12

Question 22

which factors decrease vitamin B-12 absorption & thereby may lead to a vitamin B-12 deficiency?
-decreased production of hydrochloric acid
-high intake of animal proteins
-use of certain diabetes medications
-decreased production of intrinsic factor

Answer 22

-decreased production of hydrochloric acid
-use of certain diabetes medications
-decreased production of intrinsic factor

Question 23

identify which of the following are good sources of vitamin B-12 for a vegan:

-cow’s milk
-vitamin B-12 fortified yeast
-fortified soy milk
-fortified, ready-to-eat breakfast cereal

Answer 23

-vitamin B-12 fortified yeast
-fortified soy milk
-fortified, ready-to-eat breakfast cereal

Question 24

which of the following are physical problems that may result from folate deficiency?

-pernicious anemia
-microcytic anemia
-spina bifida
-macrocytic anemia

Answer 24

-spina bifida
-macrocytic anemia

Question 25

which of the following is accurate information you could share w/ a college athlete regarding vitamin B-6 supplementation?

a) as long as she doesn’t restrict her food intake, it is possible to obtain enough vitamin B-6 from food sources
b) food sources of vitamin B-6 are limited in the North American dietary pattern; supplements are necessary
c) vitamin B-6 supplements exceeding the UL pose a risk for nerve damage; megadoses should be avoided
d) synthetic forms of vitamin B-6 found in supplements are better absorbed than vitamin B-6 from foods.

Answer 25

a) as long as she doesn’t restrict her food intake, it is possible to obtain enough vitamin B-6 from food sources
c) vitamin B-6 supplements exceeding the UL pose a risk for nerve damage; megadoses should be avoided

Question 26

the body is able to synthesize niacin to meet some body needs from the amino acid TRYPTOPHAN. This reaction requires which 2 other B vitamins as coenzymes?

Answer 26

vitamin B-6 & riboflavin

Question 27

Thiamin participates in chemical reactions in which carbon dioxide is released from a substrate. Which of the following are functions of thiamin?
a) metabolism of carbohydrates
b) synthesis of RNA & DNA
c) antioxidant protection in cell membranes
d) synthesis of neurotransmitters

Answer 27

a) metabolism of carbohydrates
b) synthesis of RNA & DNA
d) synthesis of neurotransmitters

Question 28

which 2 food groups have the best sources of thiamin?

Answer 28

grains & protein

Question 29

arrange the following steps in correct order as they occur in the body.
TRIGGER: damage to tissue

-fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by thrombin
-vitamin K & calcium participate in activation of clotting factors
-threads of fibrin trap blood cells, platelets, & fluid
-prothrombin is converted to thrombin by an activated clotting factor

Answer 29

-vitamin K & calcium participate in activation of clotting factors
-prothrombin is converted to thrombin by an activated clotting factor
-fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by thrombin
-threads of fibrin trap blood cells, platelets, & fluid

Question 30

arrange the food sources from highest to lowest vitamin E content.
-1cup cooked spinach
-8floz skin milk
-1 cup total raisin brain cereal
-1cup blackberries
-1oz sunflower seeds

Answer 30

-1cup raisin bran
-1oz sunflower seeds
-1cup cooked spinach
-1cup blackberries
-8floz skim milk

Question 31

vitamin E is a ___-soluble vitamin that resides in the ___

Answer 31

fat-soluble, cell memebrane

Question 32

many phospholipids in the lipid bilayer contain ____ fatty acids, which are highly susceptible to damage by free radicals.

Answer 32

polyunsaturated

Question 33

vitamin E donates ___ to stabilize free radicals that would otherwise damage the phospholipid bilayer.

Answer 33

electrons

Question 34

the antioxidant role of vitamin E is particularly important in cells that’re exposed to high levels of oxygen, such as ____ & cells that line the ____.

Answer 34

red blood cells, lungs

Question 35

vitamin E is also thought to prevent development of coronary heart disease by preventing oxidation of ____ lipoproteins

Answer 35

low-density

Question 36

light enters the eye through the cornea & lens & reaches the lining at the back of the eye, called the _____. This lining is home to specialized types fo cells that require vitamin A for normal function. The ___ detect b/w & are responsible for night vision. The ___ are responsible for color vision.

Answer 36

retina, rods, cones

Question 37

for the preservation of visual function, studies indicate that consuming carotenoids from ___ is more beneficial than carotenoids from ___.

Answer 37

foods, supplements

Question 38

in addition to retinoids, carotenoids are also important for proper vision. Higher carotenoid content in the eye is associated w/ lower risk of _____, a form of blindness in which the detailed sight in the center of the filed of vision is lost. Carotenoids are also beneficial in the prevention of _____, a condition in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy.

Answer 38

age-related macular degeneration, cataracts

Question 39

when vitamin A is deficient, the cells in the eye are unable to adjust from bright to dim light, a condition known as _____. In severe cases of vitamin A deficiency, cells in the cornea of the eye lose the ability to produce mucus, leading to _______.

Answer 39

night blindness, xerophthalmia.

Question 40

retinoids, also called ____, are found in animal foods like fish & organ meat.

Answer 40

preformed vitamin A.

Question 41

plants contain pigments called _____ that can be turned into vitamin A in the body if needed.

Answer 41

carotenoids.

Question 42

the most potent form of provitamin A is _____, the orange-yellow pigment in carrots & other orange and yellow vegetables & fruits.

Answer 42

beta-carotene.

Question 43

carotenoids include zeaxanthin & ____, 2 important components of the macula that help maintain eye health.

Answer 43

lutein

Question 44

determine whether each label describes water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamins.
-vitamins that are readily excreted from the body
-vitamins that are stored mostly in the liver & fatty tissues
-vitamins A, D, E, and K
-vitamins that include the B vitamins & vitamin C
-vitamins that are easily lost during food processing & preparation
-vitamins that travel as part of chylomicrons through the bloodstream

Answer 44

FAT-SOLUBLE:
-vitamins that are stored mostly in the liver & fatty tissues
-vitamins A, D, E, and K
-vitamins that travel as part of chylomicrons through the bloodstream

WATER-SOLUBLE:
-vitamins that are readily excreted from the body
-vitamins that include the B vitamins & vitamin C
-vitamins that are easily lost during food processing & preparation