Chapter 8 Pt 2 Flashcards
The arrest of cell division that occurs when cells grown in a laboratory dish touch one another.
Density-dependent inhibition
In an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing two homologous sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent; a 2n cell
Diploid cell
Repetition of part of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome; can result from an error in meiosis or from mutagenesis.
Duplication
The union of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell, producing a zygote.
Fertilization
The production, by crossing over and/or independent assortment of chromosomes during
meiosis, of offspring with allele combinations different from those in the parents.
Genetic recombination
These structures are of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern and possess genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci. One of the chromosomes is inherited from the organism’s father, the other from the mother.
Homologous chromosomes
The period in the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell is not actually dividing. This phase constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle.
Interphase
A change in a chromosome resulting from reattachment of a chromosome fragment to the original chromosome, but in a reverse direction. Mutagens and errors during meiosis can cause inversions.
Inversion
A display of micrographs of the metaphase chromosomes of a cell, arranged by size and centromere position.
Karyotype
A type of cancer of the blood-forming tissues, characterized by an excessive production of white blood cells and an abnormally high number of them in the blood; cancer of the bone marrow cells that produce leukocytes.
Leukemia
The particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome. Homologous chromosomes have corresponding gene exact locations.
Locus
The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site.
Metastasis
The division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. This phase and cytokinesis
make up the M phase of the cell cycle.
Mitosis
The part of the cell cycle when the nucleus is divided (via mitosis), its chromosomes are distributed to the daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divided (via cytokinesis), producing two daughter cells.
Mitotic (M) phase
A football-shaped structure formed of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.
Mitotic spindle
An accident of meiosis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at Anaphase.
Nondisjunction
The second stage of mitosis, during which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids.
Pro metaphase
The first stage of mitosis, during which the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still intact.
Prophase
Cancer of the supportive tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle.
Sarcoma
A structure that determines whether an individual is male or female.
Sex chromosome
The creation of offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells (gametes), forming a diploid zygote
Sexual reproduction
One of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome in a eukaryotic cell.
Sister chromosome
Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell or a cell that develops into a sperm or egg
Somatic cell
The fifth and final stage of mitosis, during which daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell. This phase usually occurs together with cytokinesis.
Telophase
A paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids. The sets of chromosomes form during Prophase I of meiosis.
Tetrad
During protein synthesis, the movement of a tRNA molecule carrying a growing polypeptide chain from the A site to the P site on a ribosome.
Translocation
An abnormal mass of cells that forms within otherwise normal tissue.
Tumor
The fertilized egg, which is diploid, that results from the union of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus
Zygote
