Chapter 3 Pt 2

Question 1

In an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom.

Answer 1

hydroxyl group (OH)

Question 2

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different properties.

Answer 2

Isomer

Question 3

An organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar convalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic. These molecules include fats, phospholipids, and steroids and are insoluble in water.

Answer 3

Lipid

Question 4

In an organic molecule, a carbon bonded to three hydrogens.

Answer 4

Methyl group (CH3)

Question 5

A chemical subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer

Answer 5

Monomer

Question 6

The simplest carbohydrate; a simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH2O. These molecules are the building blocks of disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Answer 6

Monosaccharide

Question 7

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular structures and activities. Examples of these molecules include DNA and RNA.

Answer 7

Nucleic Acid

Question 8

An organic monomer consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. These molecules are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

Answer 8

Nucleotide

Question 9

A chemical compound containing the element carbon and usually synthesized by cells.

Answer 9

Organic Compound

Question 10

The covalent linkage between two amino acid units in a polypeptide; formed by a dehydration reaction.

Answer 10

Peptide bond

Question 11

A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms.

Answer 11

Phosphate group (PO4)

Question 12

A molecule made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving the molecule a nonpolar hydrophobic tail and a polar hydrophilic head. These molecules form bilayers that function as biological membranes.

Answer 12

Phospholipid

Question 13

A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units, called monomers, covalently joined together in a chain.

Answer 13

Polymer

Question 14

A polymer (chain) of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Answer 14

Polypeptide

Question 15

A carbohydrate polymer consisting of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides (sugars) linked by dehydration synthesis.

Answer 15

Polysaccharide

Question 16

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain

Answer 16

Primary Structure

Question 17

A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure.

Answer 17

Protein

Question 18

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

Answer 18

Quaternary structure

Question 19

A type of molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

Answer 19

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 20

Pertaining to molecules whose hydrocarbon chains contain the maximum number of hydrogens and therefore have no double covalent bonds. These molecules solidify at room temperature.

Answer 20

Saturated fatty acid

Question 21

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

Answer 21

Secondary Structure

Question 22

A storage polysaccharide found in the roots of plants and certain other cells; a polymer of glucose.

Answer 22

Starch

Question 23

A type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is in the form of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached; examples are cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.

Answer 23

Steroid

Question 24

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

Answer 24

Tertiary structure

Question 25

Pertaining to molecules whose hydrocarbon chains lack the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and therefore have one or more double covalent bonds. These molecules do not solidify at room temperature.

Answer 25

Unsaturated fatty acid