Chapter 5 Pt 2

Question 1

The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Answer 1

First Law of Thermodynamics

Question 2

A description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a montage of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules.

Answer 2

Fluid Mosaic

Question 3

Thermal energy; the amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter. This is energy in its most random form.

Answer 3

Heat

Question 4

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water.

Answer 4

Hypertonic solution

Question 5

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.

Answer 5

Hypotonic solution

Question 6

The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, stimulated by entry of the substrate so that it binds more snugly to the substrate

Answer 6

Induced fit

Question 7

A solution having the same solute concentration as another solution, thus having no effect on passage of water in or out of the cell.

Answer 7

Isotonic solution

Question 8

The energy of motion; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter.

Answer 8

Kinetic energy

Question 9

The whole range of biochemical processes that occur within a living organism.

Answer 9

Metabolism

Question 10

A substance that impedes the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer functions.

Answer 10

Noncompetitive inhibitor

Question 11

Method by which organisms regulate solute concentrations and balance the gain and loss of water.

Answer 11

Osmoregulation

Question 12

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Answer 12

Osmosis

Question 13

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, without any input of energy.

Answer 13

Passive transport

Question 14

Cellular “eating”; a type of endocytosis whereby a cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm.

Answer 14

Phagocytosis

Question 15

The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by this process.

Answer 15

Phosphorylation

Question 16

Cellular “drinking”; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles.

Answer 16

Pinocytosis

Question 17

The energy that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement. Water behind a dam and chemical bonds possess this particular type of energy.

Answer 17

Potential energy

Question 18

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles. The vesicles contain proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in.

Answer 18

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 19

The principle whereby every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.

Answer 19

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Question 20

A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others and blocks the passage of other substances altogether.

Answer 20

Selective permeability

Question 21

1) A specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only this specific material and the reaction it catalyzes. (2) A surface in or on which an organism lives.

Answer 21

Substrate

Question 22

The study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter

Answer 22

Thermodynamics

Question 23

The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water.

Answer 23

Tonicity