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BIO 1200 > Chapter 8: Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

process that uses solar energy to convert CO2 and H2O (inorganic) to sugar and O2 (organic)

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2
Q

what is the general formula for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O -> CH2O + O2

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3
Q

what occurs for NADPH to be made?

A

redox reactions

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4
Q

what occurs for ATP to be made?

A

proton gradient

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5
Q

what type of energy is solar energy?

A

short term chemical energy
light reactions
proton gradient, atp, NADPH

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6
Q

can atp and nadph be stored, shipped, and used in a different cell?

A

no has to be used by the cell that make sit

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7
Q

how does short term chemical energy become long term chemical energy?

A

Calvin cycle (biochemical reactions)

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8
Q

can sugar be stored, shipped, or used right away?

A

yes

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9
Q

what is chlorophyll and what does it absorb?

A

pigment (chemical) that absorbs light
absorbs red and blue light

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10
Q

do pigments only absorb certain lights?

A

yes

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11
Q

what and where do light reactions take place?

A

they are reactions that directly require light
they are in thylakoid in the grams of chloroplast

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12
Q

what are thylakoids?

A

green photosynthetic membrane, contains chlorophyll and other pigments

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13
Q

what is the thylakoid lumen?

A

space enclosed by the membrane

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14
Q

What do chloroplast contain?

A

outer membrane
inner membrane
thylakoid membrane
thylakoid lumen
granum (stack of thylakoid)
stroma

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15
Q

what is the purpose of light reactions?

A

to convert solar energy to short term chemical energy (atp, nadph)

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16
Q

what is the input and output put for light reactions?

A

in: h2o, adp + p, nadp+
out: o2, atp, nadph

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17
Q

how does h2o become o2 in light reactions

A

in splits and o2 comes out

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18
Q

what is the Calvin cycle?

A

light independent reactions, they do not directly use light.
they may occur in light or dark but usually during the day

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19
Q

what does makes atp and nadph and then what uses it?

A

light reactions
Calvin cycle

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20
Q

where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

storms of chloroplast

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21
Q

what is the purpose of the Calvin cycle?

A

fix o2 into sugar
convert short term chemical energy (atp, nadph) to long term chemical energy (sugar)

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22
Q

what is carbon fixation?

A

converting inorganic c to organic c compounds

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23
Q

why can you ship and store sugar?

A

it is very stable

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24
Q

what is the input and output out of the Calvin cycle?

A

in: co2 +c5= rubp, atp, nadph
out: c6= glucose, adp +p, nadp+

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25
Q

what uses solar energy to make atp and nadph?

A

Light reactions

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26
Q

what uses atp and nadph to make sugar from co2 and h2o?

A

Calvin cycle

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27
Q

how are light reaction and the Calvin cycle connected?

A

light reaction uses water
Light reaction produces oxygen
Light reaction produces atp and H+
Adp is recirculated to light energy for recharge
Dark reaction uses carbon dioxide
dark reactions produce glucose

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28
Q

shorter wavelength = _____ energy
longer wavelength = ________ energy

A

higher
lower

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29
Q

which way does the electromagnetic spectrum run?

A

shorter wavelengths to longer wavelengths
Violet- red

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30
Q

list the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum from shortest to longest

A

gamma rays, x -rays, uv, visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves

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31
Q

what type of waves does photosynthesis use?

A

visible light

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32
Q

what is chlorophyll a?

A

an essential pigment that is part of the reaction center of PS1 and PS11

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33
Q

what are the types of photosynthetic pigments?

A

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids

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34
Q

What are the types of accessory pigments and there visible color?

A

chlorophyll b (green), carotenoids (orange), xanthophylls (yellow)

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35
Q

what are accessory pigments?

A

they absorb wavelengths of light

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36
Q

can chlorophyll a absorb all wavelengths of light?

A

no so they can use a broader range of light for photosynthesis by accessory pigments

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37
Q

why are leaves green?

A

chlorophyll and accessory plants absorb mainly red and blue wavelengths so the other wavelengths which are green are reflected or transmitted

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38
Q

Why does photosynthesis use most wavelengths except green?

A

because of the abundance of the accessory pigments and chlorophyll a

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39
Q

do pigments do enzyme reactions or absorb light?

A

absorb light

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40
Q

what is in the reaction center of the photosystem?

A

chlorophyll a

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41
Q

what is in the antenna complex / light harvesting complex of the photosystem

A

accessory pigments

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42
Q

____ is absorbed by accessory pigments in the ______ and transferred to the _____ of the photosystem

A

light
antenna complex
reaction center

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43
Q

what are the two types of reaction centers?

A

PS 1: P700
PS 11: P680

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44
Q

what happens during electron transport form PS11 to PS 1 in light reactions?

A

generates proton gradient
synthesis of atp
Split H2O into o2

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45
Q

what happens during electron transport from PS1 to ferredoxin?

A

synthesis of NADPH (enzymes do this)

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46
Q

what two things are in a photosystem?

A

antenna system and reaction center

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47
Q

what process is antenna complex absorbing a photon of light and transfers it to the reaction center of photosystem 11

A

light reactions electron transport form ps11 to ps 1

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48
Q

what transfers light to reaction center?

A

accessory pigments

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49
Q

what is easily donated to another molecule during absorption of light by ps11?

A

the excited electron of chlorophyll a in P680

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50
Q

what is the reaction center of PS11?

A

P680

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51
Q

what happens after PS11 absorbs a photon of light?

A

the excited electron is passed down the chain until it reaches PS1

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52
Q

What is the process of electron transport from PS11 to PS1?

A

PS 11 -> plastoquinone (PQ or QB) -> cytochrome complex -> plastocyanine (PC) -> PS1

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53
Q

what are the mobile electron carriers for PS11- PS 1?

A

plastoquinone (PQ or QB)
plastocyanin (PC)

54
Q

When are H+ pumped across the membrane?

A

during electron transport of ps11 - ps1

55
Q

Ps 11 has lost an electron and cants absorb another photon of light until

A

the electron is replaced

56
Q

what is h2o splitting?

A

2 h2o -> o2 + 4H+ + 4e-

57
Q

In h2o splitting, what is 4H+ and o2?

A

4H+: Contributes to H+ gradient
O2 is made as a by product

58
Q

What filled the hole in PS11?

A

electrons from water

59
Q

where does h2o splitting occur?

A

oxygen evolving complex (OEC), part of PSII

60
Q

What are the purposes of electron transport from PSII to PSI?

A

generate a proton gradient
H+s moved from stroma to thylakoid lumen during electron transport (cytochrome complex)
water splitting releases H+s into the thylakoid lumen
H+ gradient will be used by ATP Synthase to make atp

61
Q

What is the ph of the stroma and thylakoid lumen?

A

ph 7-> 8 (basic)
ph 7-> 4 (acidic)

62
Q

what process is when antenna complex’s absorbs a photon of light and transfers it to the reaction center of PSI

A

light reactions electron transport from PSI

63
Q

Are PSI and PSII together?

A

no they have separate centers and complexes

64
Q

in absorption of light by PSI, what is easily donated to another molecule?

A

excited electron of chlorophyll a in P700

65
Q

What is P700?

A

the reaction center of PSI

66
Q

after PSI absorbs a photon of light the excited electron is passed down the chain until it reaches

A

ferrodoxin

67
Q

what is ferredoxin?

A

the final electron acceptor in PSI and is a protein

68
Q

what and how does ferrodxin produce?

A

it reacts with the enzyme ferredoxin NADP reductase (FNR) to make NADPH

69
Q

what is the redox reaction for electron transport from PSI

A

PSI-> ferrodoxin

ferredoxin (red) + NADP+ -> NADPH + ferredoxin (ox)

70
Q

how are the electrons replaced in PSI and PSII?

A

1- electrons from PSII
2- water is split and those electrons are used

71
Q

what is made form light reactions?

A

NADPH and ATP

72
Q

what process makes O2 and H+ in PSII?

A

h2o splitting

73
Q

what is the energy in a proton gradient used to make?

A

ATP by enzyme ATP synthase

74
Q

What is the process of atp synthesis called?

A

chemiosmosis: oxidative phosphorylation

75
Q

how does atp synthase compare in the mitochondria and chloroplast?

A

almost identical

76
Q

Light reactions
Function
Location
4 parts

A

to make atp and nadph
thylakoid membrane of chloroplast
electron transport to make nadph, split h2o, make proton gradient, make atp

77
Q

what is the first reaction of the Calvin cycle?

A

co2 + ribulose bisphosphate (C5) -> 2 phosphoglyceric acid (C3)

78
Q

What enzyme does the first reaction of the Calvin cycle?

A

Rubisco

79
Q

where is the Calvin cycle?

A

stroma of chloroplast

80
Q

what does oxygenase?

A

adds O2

81
Q

what 2 reactions does rubisco perform?

A

carboxylase activity: carbon fixation
oxygenase activity: photorespiration

82
Q

what is carbon fixations formula?

A

CO2 + ribulose bisphosphate (C5) -> 2 phosphoric acid (C3)

83
Q

what is the photorespiration formula?

A

O2 + ribulose bisphosphate (C5) -> phosphoglyceric acid (C3) (to Calvin to make sugar) + phosphoglycolate (C2) (this is wasted)

84
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Calvin cycle?

A

carbon fixation, sugars are rearranged and reduced, regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate

85
Q

what are the reactants of carbon fixation?
products
enzyme

A

co2, RuBP (C5)
2 PGA (C3)
Rubisco

86
Q

what are the “sugars are rearranged and reduced” formula

A

PGA (C3) ->->-> G3P (C3)

87
Q

what energy is used for Calvin cycle part 2?

A

uses ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions

88
Q

how much of G3P is used as RuBP= reactant and to make glucose?

A

5/6 RuBP
1/6 glucose

89
Q

what are the types of photosynthesis and where are they

A

C3-most plants
C4- corn, sugar cane
CAM- cacti, succulents (desert plants)

90
Q

What is the 1st stable compound made in C3?

A

C3 sugar

91
Q

What is the first reaction of C3?

A

CO2 + RuPB (C5) -> 2 PGA (C3)

92
Q

What enzyme is used in C3?

A

rubisco

93
Q

what are disadvantages and advantages of C3?

A

advantages: most efficient type of photosynthesis
Disadvantages: photorespiration

94
Q

what are types of C3?

A

Soybeans, most plants

95
Q

what is photorespiration?

A

oxygen reacts with the enzyme and it starts breaking down the sugar, this is bad!!!!

96
Q

why does photorespiration occur?

A

rubisco reacts with O2 instead of with CO2, in C3 plants

97
Q

when is photorespiration a problem?

A

when relatively high O2 compared to CO2
when stomates close: high temperature, low water
when automates close no new gases enter leaf, use up CO2, make more O2

98
Q

what are the disadvantages and advantages of photorespiration?

A

advantage: none
disadvantage: breaks down sugar
wastes energy, fixed (organic) CO2

99
Q

what is the anatomy of a C3 leaf?

A

epidermis
stomata
mesophyll = photosynthetic tissue
palisade- Tightly packed rectangles
spongy- loosely packed cells

100
Q

what is the first stable compound in C4?

A

C4 OAA (oxaloacetate)

101
Q

what is the first reaction of C4?

A

CO2 + PEP (C3) -> OAA (C4)

102
Q

what enzyme is used for C4?

A

PEP Carboxylase

103
Q

what are examples of C4?

A

Corn, sugarcane

104
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of c4?

A

advantage: No photorespiration
disadvantages: uses more energy to make sugar
need to make special structures=the bundle sheath

105
Q

What is the anatomy of a C4 leaf?

A

mesophyll (outer ring): 1st reaction = carbon fixation CO2 + C3 -> C4
bundle sheath (inner ring) : Calvin cycle -> make sugar

106
Q

What is the reaction and enzyme for C4 part 1in mesophyll?

A

CO2 + PEP C3 -> OAA C4
OAA C4 -> malate C4
PEP Carboxylase

107
Q

Why does photorespiration not occur in the C4?

A

PEP carboxylase can’t react with O2

108
Q

What does mesophyll not have?

A

rubisco and Calvin cycle (no photorespiration)

109
Q

where is malate shipped after mesophyll?

A

bundle sheaths

110
Q

What is the reaction for C4 in the bundle sheaths and Calvin cycle and what enzyme?

A

malate C4 -> CO2 + pyruvate C3

CO2 + RuBP (C5) -> 2 PHA (C3)

Rubisco

111
Q

Why is there no photorespiration in bundle sheath?

A

high CO2 in bundles

112
Q

Why don’t all plants do C4?

A

at optimal conditions C3 plants can outcompete C4 plants (high CO2, wet environment, moderate temperature)
C4 plants need an extra 2 ATO to fix C into a C6 sugar
C4 plants must expend energy to produce extra enzymes and build bundle sheath cells

113
Q

Where is spatial separation in C4?

A

CO2 fixation and the Calvin cycle

114
Q

What is compensation point?

A

when amount of O2 made by photosynthesis exactly matches amount of O2 used by respiration

115
Q

What 2 metabolic processes do plants carry out?

A

photosynthesis- uses CO2 and h2o to produce o2 and sugar
Respiration- uses o2 and sugar to produce co2 and h2o

116
Q

when does photosynthesis increase rapidly?

A

when the lights are turned on

117
Q

What environmental factors impact photosynthesis?

A

temperature - cool temp -> lower rate
- Higher rate as temp increases up to a point, stomata closed photorespiration
light intensity - lower rate at low light intensity
- higher rate at high intensity up to a point
humidity/ water availability - rate increases with higher humidity, keep stomata open - no photorespiration

118
Q

can you have too much light?

A

yes it can be damaging to the leaves

119
Q

when do c4 outcompete C3?

A

hot dry conditions, high light intensity
no photorespiration

120
Q

When do C3 outcompete C4?

A

cool/moderate temp, high humidity, low to average light intensity,
C4 costs more energy to make sugars and other structures

121
Q

what are types of cam?

A

cacti, sedum, living stones
slow growing desert plants

122
Q

what is CAM photosynthesis ?
stomates
Calvin cycle

A

prevents photorespiration and dehydration
opens stomates at night, stores CO2 as malate
carries out Calvin cycle during day

123
Q

what is CAM reaction during night and enzyme
malate

A

CO2 + PEP C3 -> OAA C4
stomates open, co2 enters leaf
PEP Carboxylase
OAA C4 -> malate C4
malate is shipped out of chloroplast, stored in central vacuole

124
Q

what is CAM reaction during night and enzyme
malate

A

CO2 + PEP C3 -> OAA C4
stomates open, co2 enters leaf
PEP Carboxylase
OAA C4 -> malate C4
malate is shipped out of chloroplast, stored in central vacuole

125
Q

What is CAM reaction during the day?

A

malate C4 -> co2 + private C3
stomates close to prevent dehydration
Malate shipped from vacuole back to chloroplast
CO2 used in Calvin cycle to make sugar

126
Q

When do cam carry out photosynthesis?

A

during the day with stomates closed

127
Q

cam: photorespiration and dehydration?

A

no photorespiration: high co2 because co2 was stored as malate overnight
no dehydration because plants keep stomates closed during day to prevent excess water loss

128
Q

Similarities between cam and C4
Initial co2
Enzyme
Storage

A

same reactions, different locations or times
Initial CO2 fixation: CO2 + PEP (C3) = OAA (C4)
Enzyme: PEP Carboxylase
CO2 is stored as a C4 sugar. Later C4 is broken down to release co2 to be used in the Calvin cycle to make glucose

129
Q

What contains rubisco in C4?

A

bundle sheaths cells

130
Q

What contains rubisco in C4?

A

bundle sheaths cells

BIO 1200 (14 decks)

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