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BIO 1200 > Chapter 12: DNA and RNA and Protein > Flashcards

Chapter 12: DNA and RNA and Protein Flashcards

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1
Q

what do eukaryotic gene structures contain?

A

promoter, coding region (exons and introns), and termination signal (terminator)

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2
Q

to be expressed as a gene, DNA must be

A

copied into mRNA
mRNA must be used to make protein
proteins are the workhorses of the cell

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3
Q

what is the central dogma?

A

DNA -> RNA -> protein

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4
Q

what is a promoter and where is it located?

A

region the controls when and where DNA is transcribed into RNA

it is located upstream (in front of) the coding region

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5
Q

what is the coding region?

A

part of the gene that is transcribed into RNA

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6
Q

in the coding region, mRNA is later transcribed into

A

Protein

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7
Q

what sites do coding regions contain?

A

start and stop sites for RNA synthesis

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8
Q

what are exons?

A

regions that code for amino acids

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9
Q

what are introns?

A

noncoding regions of DNA

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10
Q

what is the termination signal (terminator)?

A

sequence of DNA that tells the RNA polymerase to stop making RNA

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11
Q

what type of genes contain introns?

A

eukaryotic
prokaryotic does nto

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12
Q

what is monocistronic and what type of gene has it?

A

1 gene -> 1 polypeptide

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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13
Q

what is polycistronic and what type of genes is it?

A

many genes arranged in an operon

only prokaryotic

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14
Q

what is DNA transcribed into?

A

rna

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15
Q

what is transcription?
enzyme?
location?

A

RNA synthesis
RNA polymerase
in nucleus in eukaryotes

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16
Q

what is the purpose of transcription?

A

to make RNA from DNA

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17
Q

process of RNA and protein synthesis in eukaryotes
what are the steps, what do the make, where??

A

transcription (makes pre-mRNA in nucleus)
RNA splicing (makes mRNA in nucleus)
translation (makes protein in cytoplasm)

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18
Q

process of RNA and protein synthesis in prokaryotes
what are the steps, what do the make, where??

A

transcription (makes mRNA in cytoplasm)
translation (makes proteins in cytoplasm)

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19
Q

how does transcription differ in prokaryotic and eukaryotic?

A

prokaryotic- makes mRNA in the cytoplasm
eukaryotic- makes pre-mRNA in the nucleus

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20
Q

is prokaryotic or eukaryotic simpler? why!

A

prokaryotic
no introns or nucleus

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21
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA?

A

mRNA (messenger) - codes for AA in protein
rRNA (ribosomal) - structural part of the ribosome
tRNA (transfer) - brings AA to the ribosome during protein synthesis

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22
Q

how is rRNA folded up?

A

into a complicated secondary structure

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23
Q

brings the amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis

A

tRNA

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24
Q

what does the end of the tRNA react with?

A

mRNA

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25
Q

what are the steps in transcription in prokaryotes?

A

initiation, elongation, termination

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26
Q

what is step 1 in transcription: initiation?

A

sigma factor (a transcription factor)binds conserved DNA sequences in the promoter
RNA polymerase binds to sigma factor
region of DNA and RNA polymerase unwinds

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27
Q

what is a factor?

A

protein

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28
Q

what is the second step of transcription: elongation

A

sigma factor binds to conserved DNA sequences found in the prometer
RNA polymerase binds to sigma factor
sigma factor is released from DNA
RNA polymerase begins making RNA, using DNA as a template

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29
Q

what would happen to the RNA polymerase if it didn’t have the sigma factor?

A

it would bind randomly

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30
Q

what is the template strand?

A

strand of DNA copied into RNA

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31
Q

what is the coding strand?

A

strand of FNA that has the same sequence as the RNA

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32
Q

what direction is RNA always made in?
dna copied?

A

5-3
3-5

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33
Q

how is RNA made from DNA?

A

by adding the complementary bases into the new RNA

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34
Q

bases in RNA are ____ to bases in DNA

A

complementary

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35
Q

what is termination?

A

when RNA polymerase reaches the terminator it stops making RNA and falls off
the newly made mRNA is released from the DNA

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36
Q

what is RNA splicing?

A

removes introns and makes nature mRNA

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37
Q

what is made in transcription in RNA synthesis?

A

makes pre-mRNA (exons and introns

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38
Q

what are the steps in RNA synthesis in eukaryotes?

A

transcription
RNA splicing

39
Q

what is transcription in eukaryotes?

A

RNA polymerase ( and transcription factors) binds to the promoter and unwinds the DNA in this region
RNA synthesis begins

40
Q

what is added and where after 20-25 bases of RNA are made?

A

cap
pre-mRNA

41
Q

what is the name of the cap?

A

7 methylguanosine cap

42
Q

Is the cap protective?

A

yes

43
Q

how do the cap bind?

A

phosphate is attached to phosphate

44
Q

when does RNA synthesis stop?

A

until a termination signal is reached. The transcription stops and a poly A tail is added

45
Q

what is the termination signal?

A

sequence in DNA, makes RNA synthesis stop

46
Q

what adds the poly A tail?

A

a type of polymerase

47
Q

do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic have caps?

A

no, prokaryotic dont

48
Q

where is the start and end codon?

A

is never the first or last nucleotide in the exon

49
Q

what is the result of transcription in eukaryotes?

A

a pre-mRNA

50
Q

what end is the cap on?

A

5’ of RNA

51
Q

where end is the poly A tail on?

A

the 3’ end

52
Q

what are exons?

A

parts of RNA that code for protein

53
Q

what are introns?

A

no coding bits of RNA

54
Q

what type of mRNA is made at the end of eukaryote transcription?

A

nonfunctional

55
Q

what makes the mRNA functional and how?

A

RNA splicing
removes introns

56
Q

what is the result of transcription in prokaryotes?

A

mature mRNA

57
Q

what is mature mRNA?

A

is ready to be translated into protein

58
Q

what is the formation of transcription in prokaryotic?
eukaryotic

A

5’ ppp, coding region, 3’ OH
5’ CAP ppp, exon, intron, exon, 3’ AAAA

59
Q

Once introns are removed in pre-mRNA it makes ____ that can be translated into ___

A

mature mRNA
protein

60
Q

why don’t prokaryotic need RNA splicing?

A

there are no introns

61
Q

what are spliceosomes?

A

complex forms

62
Q

what are snRNPs?

A

(snRNA and protein) and other proteins bind to the introns

63
Q

what is removed and what is ligrated to make functional mRNA?

A

introns
exons

64
Q

what is removed and what is ligrated to make functional mRNA?

A

introns
exons

65
Q

what is the intron removed as in RNA splicing?

A

lariat (loop)

66
Q

what are exons lighted together to make?

A

mRNA

67
Q

what are the steps in RNA splicing?

A
  • snRNPs and proteins bind to conserved sequences in the intron
  • U1 snRNP binds to the 5’ splice site
  • U2 snRNP binds to the branch point
  • other snRNP bind and the spliceosome forms
68
Q

what is the first step in RNA splicing?

A

intron is cut at the 5’ splice site and located to branch point to form a lariat

69
Q

what is the second step in RNA splicing ?

A

intron is cut at the 3’ splice site and exits are ligated together = mature RNA

70
Q

what is the result of RNA splicing and where is it shipped?

A

functional mRNA
out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm

71
Q

what is the structure of mature mRNA

A

Cap- exon 1- exon 2- poly a tail

72
Q

what is mRNA translated into?

A

protein

73
Q

what it translation and its location?

A

protein synthesis
in cytoplasm on ribosomes

74
Q

what is transcription
translation

A

RNA synthesis
protein synthesis

75
Q

what molecules are involved in protein synthesis and what are they?

A

ribosomes - organelle where protein synthesis occurs, composed of rRNA and proteins
amino acids- building blocks of a protein
mRNA- acts as a template for protein synthesis

76
Q

what does mRNA contain?
what are they?

A

codons
group of 3 nucleotides

77
Q

1 codon in mRNA codes for

A

1 amino acid in the protein

78
Q

what is on each end of tRNA?

A

anticodon on one and amino acid on the other

79
Q

what is an anticodon?
what does it base pair to?

A

3 nucleotides on tRNA
nucleotides on mRNA

80
Q

is the universal redundant or not?
why?

A

redundant
more than one codon can code do a specific AA

81
Q

universal code=

A

genetic code

82
Q

during translation, ____ on the ____ are recognized by the ____ on the ____ by base pairing

A

codons
mRNA
anticodons
tRNA

83
Q

what is the universal code used for and the result?

A

used to translate the nucleotide code of DNA/RNA into the amino acid code of proteins
synthesis of a new polypeptide =protein

84
Q

what is in the coding region?

A

start codon- met
codons for AA
stop codon

85
Q

what is the UTR?

A

untranslated region
regulatory region for protein synthesis
not an intron

86
Q

what is an essential part of mRNA?

A

utr

87
Q

what is the detailed structure of mRNA in eukaryotes?

A

cap-5, UTR- coding region- 3’, UTR- polyAtail

88
Q

what are the steps in translation?

A

initiation
chain elongation
termination

89
Q

what are the small subunits of ribosomes?

A

p site: 1st tRNA bind, growing protein
a site: 2nd/ new tRNA binds
e site: exit site for tRNA

90
Q

what are the steps of initiation in translation?

A

mRNA binds to small subunit of ribosome
1st tRNA binds to start codon
large subunit of ribosome binds

91
Q

what are the steps in chain elongation of translation?

A

1) 2nd tRNA binds to the a site = 2nd position
2) peptide bond is made between amino acid in 1st tRNA and amino acid in 2nd tRNA
3) amino acid chain transferred from 1st tRNA to 2nd tRNA
4) translocation: ribosome moves forward one codon
empty tRNA now in e site, exits
tRNA with amino acid chain now in p site
repeat cycle with next tRNA

92
Q

what is the first and second position of initiation

A

1) 1st tRNA bind to the p site
2) 2nd tRNA binds to the a site

93
Q

what are the steps of termination in translation?

A

1)ribosome comes to a stop codon on mRNA
a release factor binds to the stop codon
2)release factor breaks bond between the polypeptide chain and the last tRNA
3) the ribosome disassembles
the mRNA is released and can be used
the released factor is released polypeptide and tRNA are released

BIO 1200 (14 decks)

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