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BIO 1200 > Chapter 16: Cell Cycle Mitosis And Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Cell Cycle Mitosis And Meiosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

requirements for cell growth

A

growth and metabolism- cell mass must increase
DNA replication- DNA is duplicated so there are 2 exact copies of each chromosome
mitosis and cytokinesis- contents of cell are divided so each cell gets identical amount of genetic material

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2
Q

mitosis is ___ division
cytokinesis is ___ division

A

nuclear
cell/cytoplasm

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3
Q

phases of the cell cycle

A

G1- gap between M and S, start
S - DNA replication, centrosome is replicated
G2 - gap between S and M
M- mitosis and cytokinesis

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4
Q

phases in interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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5
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm (there are 2 cells now)

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

division of the nucleus

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7
Q

what happens when cells pass a point in G1 called start or ____?

A

restriction point
they are committed to going through the rest of the cell cycle

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8
Q

what happens to cells that don’t pass through start?

A

may enter G0, a resting phase, until conditions change

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9
Q

cells spend a lot of time in which phase?

A

G1

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10
Q

chromatid number
G1: each chromosome has ___ chromatid
G2: each chromosome has ___ chromatid

A

1
2

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11
Q

key transition points in the cell cycle are
most important?

A

G1 checkpoint: restriction point (start)- most important
G2 Checkpoint
Metaphase Checkpoint

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12
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

regulates passage beyond start and entry into S

main regulatory checkpoint. Once a cell passes start if is committed to dividing

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13
Q

G1 checkpoint is influenced by

A

growth factors- like hormone, promotes growth
nutrients- have enough nutrients to support 2 cells
cell size- is it big enough to split into 2?
DNA damage- don’t want to replicate cells with damage

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14
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

regulates entry into M

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15
Q

G2 checkpoint influenced by

A

cell size
DNA damage
DNA replication- is replication complete?

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16
Q

Metaphase checkpoint

A

cells checks to make sure chromatids are attached to spindle. Mitosis is delayed until all chromatids can be properly attached

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17
Q

past the metaphase checkpoints, cells are

A

committed to dividing the chromosomes up between 2 daughter cells

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18
Q

Metaphase Checkpoint is influenced by

A

chromosome attachments to spindle

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19
Q

function of mitosis

A

to produce a duplicate of the parent cell

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20
Q

all growing cells carry out
2n cells->
1n cells->

A

mitosis
2 new 2n cells (diploid)
2 new 1n cells (plants and fungi, not humans) (haploid)

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21
Q

when does Mitosis occur

A

M phase

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22
Q

diploid organisms have _ of each chromosome, ___ from each parent

A

2
1

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23
Q

sister chromatid

A

Same genes and exactly the same alleles

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24
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

same genes, may have different alleles

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25
Q

nonsister chromatids

A

same genes, may have different alleles

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26
Q

function is to produce 2 identical cells
each cell is ___ to the parent cell
each cell has ____ dna

A

mitosis
identical
exactly the same

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27
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins
DNA is double stranded and made of nucleotides
50% is protein (histones and nonhistones)

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28
Q

extended losses lacked uncondensed for of DNA
form
found where

A

chromatin
beads on a string
interphase (actively growing)

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29
Q

form of DNA accessible to enzymes

A

chromatin

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30
Q

most tightly packed condensed form of DNA
shape
visible

A

chromosome
X shaped chromosome
only mitosis and meiosis

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31
Q

chromosome need __ types of sequences and they are

A

3
ORI- original of replication
Centromere- connect to the spindle fibers and sister chromatids
telomere- ends of chromosomes

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32
Q

kinetochore

A

protein disc
one end attaches to centromere of chromosome
one end attaches to kinetochore microtubules- spindle

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33
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

same genes in same order
one from each parent
same six and shape
may have different alleles

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34
Q

heterologous chromosomes

A

different chromosomes
contains different genes

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35
Q

each chromatid is ___ of DNA

A

one molecule
one half of the x - the other half is identical

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36
Q

haploid

A

1N
1 of each chromosome
human gametes

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37
Q

diploid

A

2N
2 of each kind of chromosome
human somatic cells
one complete set came from mom and dad

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38
Q

N=

A

of heterologous chromosomes

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39
Q

gene

A

region of DNA that codes for an RNA or protein (trait)

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40
Q

allele

A

different form of a gene/ trait
a vs A
you can have more than two forms of alleles

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41
Q

shape of genes and alleles

A

seed shape
smooth or wrinkled

42
Q

count __ not ___ to determine haploid or diploid

A

chromosomes
chromatids

43
Q

chromosomes can have 1 or 2 chromatids in what type of cells

A

Haploid or diploid

44
Q

a chromosome has its own

A

centromere

45
Q

what division is not in humans?

A

1N -> 2 new 1n cells

46
Q

DNA is replicated in the __ phase so each chromosome has ___ chromatids

A

S
2

47
Q

centrosome was replicated in _ phase

A

S

48
Q

phases of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

49
Q

phases of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

50
Q

function of interphase

A

cell growth and metabolism

51
Q

prophase

A

chromatin condenses into chromosomes
chromosome has 2 chromatids
nucleosus disappears
spindle forms

52
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear membrane breaks down
chromosomes attach to spindle

53
Q

microtubules attach to chromosomes at the

A

kinetochore

54
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
1 chromosome per spindle fiber

55
Q

anaphase a

A

chromosomes split
each chromatid is now called a chromosome (has its own centromere)
chromosomes move to opposite poles

56
Q

anaphase b

A

cell elongates in preparation for cell division =cytokinesis
spindle fibers (polar microtubules) push against each other

57
Q

telophase

A

reverse of prohase
nuclear membrane reforms
chromosomes decondense, go back to chromatin
spindle fibers breaks down
nucleolus reforms
cytokinesis- cell division

58
Q

result of telopahse and cytokinesis

A

2 identical cells, each chromosome has 1 chromatid

59
Q

C=

A

number of chromatids per cell (dna content)

60
Q

result of mitosis
____ cells
each cell has ___ chromosomes
each cell has ___ dna

A

2 identical
same number
exactly the same- same alleles

61
Q

human gametes ____ divide

A

never

62
Q

diploid cells: 2N cells->
haploid cells: 1N cells->

A

2 2N cells
2 1N cells

63
Q

reduction division =

A

meiosis

64
Q

Meoisis
G1
G2
end of meiosis 1
and of meiosis 2

A

2N
2N
1N
1N

65
Q

meiosis function

A

to make cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

66
Q

meiosis: daughter cells have ___ as parent cell

A

half the number of chromosomes

67
Q

meiosis: each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes but the DNA In each cell is

A

different- different alleles

68
Q

meiosis: only in special reproductive cells that produce

A

gametes
sperm and eggs (both 1N)

69
Q

diploid organisms have __ of each chromosome, _ from each parent

A

2
1

70
Q

meiosis has __ rounds of cell division
Meiosis 1: ___ separates
Meiosis 2: ___ separates

A

2
homologous chromosomes
sister chromatids

71
Q

what happens in meiosis 1

A

homologous chromosomes separate and go to different cells

72
Q

what happens in meiosis 2

A

sister chromatids separate and go to different cells

73
Q

interphase
dna is in ___ form
____ surrounds the dna
___ have replicated

A

chromatin
nuclear membrane
centromeres

74
Q

prophase 1

A

nuclear membrane breaks down
spindle forms
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
homologous chromosomes pair up (only happens in prophase in meiosis

75
Q

when does crossing over of nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes occur

A

may occur in prophase 1

76
Q

metaphase 1

A

homologous chromosome pairs attach to spindle
homologous chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell (line up randomly)

77
Q

anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes pairs and separate
each chromosome goes to opposite pole
cell elongates and cytokinesis begins

78
Q

if a chromatid has its own centromere and it is called

A

Chromosome

79
Q

telophase 1

A

nucleus reforms
chromosomes decondense into chromatin
spindle disappears
opposite of prophase 1

80
Q

result of meoisis 1

A

each cell is 1N- has 1 copy of each chromosome
each chromosome has 2 chromatids
dna in each cell is not identical

81
Q

in meiosis 2 cells have _ chromosomes from

A

1
each homologous pair

82
Q

prophase 2

A

nucleus breaks down
spindle forms
chromatin condenses into chromosomes

83
Q

metaphase 2

A

each chromosome attaches to the spindle
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

84
Q

anaphase 2

A

chromatids are pulled apart
each chromatid= chromosomes
each chromosome goes to the opposite pole

85
Q

telophase 2

A

nucleus reforms
spindle disappears
chromosomes decondense into chromatin

86
Q

telophase 2 and cytokinesis

A

cytokinesis = cell division is complete
4 haploid cells

87
Q

telophase 1 and cytokinesis

A

cytokinesis- cell division is complete

88
Q

result of meiosis 2

A

each cell has 1 of each chromosome- 1N
each chromosome has 1 chromatid
the dna in each cell has different gene combinations- different alleles

89
Q

independent assortment

A

different products of meiosis are made depending on how the chromosome pairs line up during metaphase 1

90
Q

each chromosome assorts independently: maternal and paternal chromosomes line up

A

randomly

91
Q

significance
equation

A

a large number of gene combinations are possible
total combinations possible - 2^n
n- unique chromosomes

92
Q

recombination = crossing over
chromosomes
chromatids

A

In prophase 1 homologous chromosomes line up so there are 4 chromatids lined up together
Nonsister chromatids exchange part of their dna : dna breaks and rejoins creatin new gene combinations

93
Q

crossing over is ___
the farther apart 2 genes are ___

A

common
the more crossovers will occur between them

94
Q

significance : crossing over produces

A

new gene combinations

95
Q

mitosis vs meiosis functions

A

to produce 2 identical cells
to produce cells that have half the number of chromosomes

96
Q

mitosis vs meiosis which cells

A

any cells
only in reproductive ells

97
Q

mitosis vs meiosis starting cells

A

can be 2N or 1N - each chromosome has 2 chromatids
only in 2N cells - each chromosome has 2 chromatids

98
Q

in multicellular 1N organisms, not humans

A

mitosis

99
Q

mitosis vs meiosis prophase

A

see individual chromosomes
1- homologous chromosomes pair up

100
Q

mitosis vs meiosis metaphase

A

individual chromosomes attach to the spindle
1- chromosome pairs attach to the spindle

101
Q

mitosis vs meiosis anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate
homologous chromosomes separate

102
Q

mitosis vs meiosis telophase

A

2 identical cells are made - can be 2N or 1N (2 of each chromosome, 1 chromatid/ chromosome)
1- 2 different 1N cells are made (1 of each chromosome, 2 chromatids/ chromosome
2- 4 different 1N cells ( 1 of each chromosome, 1 chromatid/ chromosome

BIO 1200 (14 decks)

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