Chapter 14: Gene Regulation In Eukaryotes

Question 1

genes that code for proteins have promoters that contain

Answer 1

transcriptional start site
TATA Box
regulatory elements

Question 2

transcriptional start site

Answer 2

+1
place where RNA synthesis begins

Question 3

TATA Box

position
binding

Answer 3

sequence in the promoter -25 bases from start site
position of TATA box determines where RNA synthesis starts
general transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind

Question 4

core promoter

Answer 4

TATA Box and start site

Question 5

genes that have only a core promoter have

Answer 5

Low (basal) level of transcription
(Core promoter has bare minimum for what is needed to make RNA)

Question 6

regulatory elements

Answer 6

DNA sequences that regulate the expression of genes
usually located -50 to -100 bases from start site

Question 7

if ____ bind to the regulatory elements of a gene transcription levels of the gene are greatly ____

Answer 7

transcription factors (activators)
increased

Question 8

in eukaryotes, transcription factors are

Answer 8

activators

Question 9

eukaryotes don’t have

Answer 9

operons

Question 10

all genes expressed at the same time have

Answer 10

same regulatory element sequences in promoter
transcription factors (activators) bind to the regulatory elements
the genes are transcribed

Question 11

coordinate gene expression

Answer 11

genes that have the same regulatory element in their promoter will be expressed at the same time

Question 12

SRE

Answer 12

DNA sequence and binding site for TF

Question 13

how are genes that code for proteins in the same pathway coordinately regulated?

Answer 13

Coordinate expression of nonadjacent genes

genes on different t parts of a chromosome have the same DNA response element in their promoter

Question 14

genes activated by the same stimulus have same ___ in their ___

Answer 14

DNA response element
promoters

Question 15

one gene may be regulated by

Answer 15

many different response elements

Question 16

metallothionein
turned

Answer 16

stress response gene
turned on by heavy metals, steroids, other stress

Question 17

eukaryotic genes have many

Answer 17

enhancers

Question 18

enhancers

Answer 18

DNA sequences located far away from the start site of a gene, that regulate transcription from the gene
-1000s

Question 19

only found in eukaryotes
only found in prokaryotes

Answer 19

enhancers
operons

Question 20

number of bases
core promoter
regulatory elements
enhancers

Answer 20

+1 to -30
-50 to -100
-1000s

Question 21

activator proteins

Answer 21

bind to sequences (regulatory elements) in the enhancer
transcription factor

Question 22

mediator proteins

Answer 22

bind to the activator proteins and form a large complex

Question 23

The DNA bends so now

Answer 23

the enhancer is located near the promoter of the gene

Question 24

general transcription factors bind to
which leads to

Answer 24

the activators and the promoter
rna polymerase binding-> high level of RNA made

Question 25

tissue specific gene regulation

Answer 25

every cell has the same DNA
different tissues make different rna and proteins

Question 26

liver cell produces

Answer 26

album protein found in blood

Question 27

lens cell of eye produces

Answer 27

crystallin protein

Question 28

genes expressed in a specific tissue have a unique set of

Answer 28

regulatory elements in their enhancers

Question 29

specific activator proteins bind

Answer 29

to each regulatory elements (dna sequences)

Question 30

different activator proteins are expressed in

Answer 30

different cell types

Question 31

The specific transcription factors/ activators made in each cell type determines

Answer 31

which genes are expressdd

Question 32

regulation of chromatin structure

Answer 32

DNA needs to be in the less condensed, unwound form (beads on a string, 10nm) to be transcribed into RNA
tightly packed means proteins can’t get through and bind.

Question 33

chromatin has ___ forms
they are

Answer 33

2
euchromatin and heterochromatin

Question 34

euchromatin

Answer 34

less condensed form of DNA
beads on a string, 10 nm
genes can be expressed

Question 35

heterocromatin

Answer 35

more condensed form of DNA
30 nm or more compact
genes are usually off

Question 36

genes must be in the ___ condensed form of chromatin to be expressed

Answer 36

less

Question 37

activator proteins bind to both

Answer 37

the enhancers and regulatory elements

Question 38

the genes in euchromatin are turned
heterochromatin

Answer 38

on
off

Question 39

three ways to change chromatin structure

Answer 39

acetylation of histones
chromatin remodeling
methylation of DNA in promoter

Question 40

histone code

Answer 40

additional if certain groups to histones in nucleosomes controls whether DNA is tightly wound up or in less condensed form

Question 41

chromatin remodeling

Answer 41

some of the nucleosomes are removed and DNA is partially unwound

Question 42

what changes are in euchromatin, turns genes on

Answer 42

acetylation of histones
chromatin remodeling

Question 43

what changes are in heterochromatin and turn genes off

Answer 43

methylation of DNA in promoter

Question 44

methylation of DNA in promoter

Answer 44

prevents transcription factors from binding to DNA and causes DNA to tightly wind up

Question 45

easiest way to turn DNA off is

Answer 45

methylation of DNA in promoter

Question 46

active
silent

Answer 46

euchromatin
heterochromatin