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BIO 1200 > Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

general formula for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

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2
Q

general formula for photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2

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3
Q

what do cells run on?

A

ATP

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4
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

matrix of mitochondria

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6
Q

where does the transition step?

A

matrix

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7
Q

where does the ETC and ATPace occur?

A

cristae of mitochondria

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8
Q

anaerobic vs aerobic respiration

A

anaerobic- no O2
aerobic - O2

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9
Q

what are the steps for anaerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis, fermentation, reactions

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10
Q

what are the steps for aerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis, import into mitochondria,, Krebs cycle, electron transport

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11
Q

what is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

A

break down sugar to make ATP

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12
Q

what is the first stage of aerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis- happens in the cytoplasm

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13
Q

what is the 2nd step of the aerobic respiration?

A

import into the mitochondria (transition step) - occurs in the matrix

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14
Q

what is the 3rd step in aerobic respiration?

A

Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) - occurs in the matrix because it needs to be in liquid

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15
Q

what is the 4th step of aerobic respiration?

A

electron transport chain and ATP synthesis- occurs in the cristae which is the folded inter membrane

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16
Q

how many molecules does glucose make?

A

2 pyruvate

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17
Q

what are the 2 parts of glycolysis?

A

part 1: energy investment
part 2: energy payoff

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18
Q

what steps and parts are in part 1 of glycolysis?

A

energy investment (steps 1-3)
cleavage and rearrangement (steps 4-5)

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19
Q

what is the step and part of part 2 of glycolysis?

A

energy payoff phase (step 6-10)

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20
Q

what is the energy investment formula of glycolysis?

A

Glucose (C6) + 2ATP -> Fructose (DHAP + G3P) -1-6bisphosphate (C6) + 2 ADP

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21
Q

what is the cleavage and rearrangement formula?

A

fructose 1-6bisphosphate (C6) -> 2G3P (C3)
G3P=glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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22
Q

what is the energy input for glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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23
Q

what is the output of glycolysis?

A

4 ATP and 2 NADH

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24
Q

G

A
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25
Q

what happens / formula for glycolysis part 2

A

(G3P C3->->-> pyruvate C3) x2

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26
Q

what is the substrate and products for glycolysis part 1?

A

glucose (C6 sugar)
2 C3 sugars - DHAP, G3P

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27
Q

what is the substrate and products for glycolysis part 2?

A

2 G3P
2 pyruvates (c3 sugars)

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28
Q

what is the energy input for glycolysis part 1?

What is the energy output for glycolysis part 2?

What is the net energy yield?

A

2 ATP

2 NADH and 4 ATP

2 ATP AND 2 NADH

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29
Q

what is the formula/ steps for import into the mitochondria?

A

(pyruvate C3 + NAD+ + CoA -> acetyl CoA C2 + CO2 + NADH) x2

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30
Q

what is the net energy yield/glucose for import into the mitochondria?

A

2 NADH

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31
Q

what is acetyl CoA?

A

Acetyl from pyruvate attached to coenzyme 1

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32
Q

what enzyme is used in import into the mitochondria?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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33
Q

how many times do you do the Krebs cycle?

A

2

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34
Q

what is the Krebs cycle formula

A

2 acetylCoA C2 + 2 oxaloacetate C4 -> 2 citric acid C6 + 2 CoA

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35
Q

what is the 1st reaction of the Krebs cycle?

A

AcetylCoA C2 + oxaloacetate C4 -> citric acid C6 + CoA

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36
Q

how are sugars rearranged in the first reaction of the Krebs cylcle?

A

decarboxylated
oxidized

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37
Q

what is decarboxylated?

A

co2 is released/ cut off

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38
Q

what is oxidized?

A

reduced, high energy compounds are made- NADH and FADH2

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39
Q

what is produced after each Krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH and 1 FADH and 1 ATP

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40
Q

how is atp made in the Krebs cycle?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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41
Q

when is a redox reaction occurring in the Krebs cycle?

A

anytime NADH and FADH is made

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42
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

method of making atp in an enzyme reaction
one group of p is transferred from one sugar to atp

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43
Q

what is made per glucose for the Krebs cycle?

A

6 NADH + 2FADH + 2 ATP - it starts with 2 aceytle

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44
Q

why does the Krebs cycle happen twice?

A

per glucose there is 2 pyruvate and 2 acetyl CoA

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45
Q

what is the energy outcome of the transition step per pyruvate?

A

1 NADH

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46
Q

what is the total net energy yield per glucose of aerobic respiration?

A

4 ATP + 10 NADH + 2 FADH

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47
Q

Can most enzymes use NADH and FADH?

A

no so it has to be turned into ATP

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48
Q

what is the purpose of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

uses the energy in NADH and FADH to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation=chemiosmosis

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49
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

uses the H+ gradient to make ATP

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50
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

Makes a H+ gradient

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51
Q

what does a reduced compound become?

A

oxidized- loses e-s

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52
Q

what does a oxidized compound become?

A

reduced- Gains e-s

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53
Q

what are electron carriers arranged by?

A

redox potential in cristae

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54
Q

How are electrons passed?

A

down the energy gradient in small increments

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55
Q

where are H+ pumped?

A

crossed the membrane

56
Q

do the proteins/complexes move much

A

no- they are too big

57
Q

what would happen if the energy would be released all at once?

A

It would be uncontrolled and atp would not be made because most energy would be lost to heat

58
Q

a complex can only donate an electron to a

A

Lower energy level

59
Q

NADH - coenzyme Q
oxidoreductase

A

complex 1

60
Q

succinate - coenzyme Q
oxidareductase

A

complex 2

61
Q

Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c
oxidoreductase

A

complex 3

62
Q

cytochrome c
oxidase

A

complex 4

63
Q

what do mobile electron carriers do?

A

go back and forth

64
Q

What are the types of mobile electron carriers?

A

coenzyme Q / Ubiquinone - lipid
cytochrome c - small protein

65
Q

each complex has how many electron carriers?

A

more than one

66
Q

where can Q move?

A

the lipid bilayer between 2 and 3

67
Q

what happens to H+ as electrons are transported down the ETC?

A

They are transported across the cristae membranes into the intermembrane space at 3 places: Complex 1,3,4

68
Q

What will the H+ gradient be used for?

A

energy for ATP synthesis

69
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

uses H+ gradient as a source of energy to make ATP

70
Q

How many electron pumping steps does NADH go through?

A

3 - makes bigger gradient

71
Q

how much ATP does 1 NADH make?

A

3

72
Q

How many electron pumping steps does FADH go through?

A

2 - makes smaller gradient

73
Q

how many ATP does FADH make?

A

2

74
Q

What complex donates electrons to oxygen to make water?

A

4

75
Q

When NADH donates electrons to the ETC what is the order of electron carriers?

A

complex 1- Q - 3- cytochrome c- 4 - oxygen

76
Q

When FADH donates electrons to the ETC what is the order of electron carriers?

A

Complex 2- Q-3- cytochrome c-4-oxygen

77
Q

what is ATP synthase?

A

an enzyme that makes ATP - looks like a doorknob

78
Q

What causes electron transport to stop?

A

Lack of oxygen and poison

79
Q

what happens if electron transport stops?

A

no carriers can pass on their electrons (will be stuck in their reduced form), no H gradient is made, no energy to make atp, step 4 can’t pass on electrons to oxygen, reaction can’t take place, will start accumulating NADH and FADH

80
Q

What does arsenic stop?

A

Krebs cycle and inhibits part of glycolysis

81
Q

What happens if the Krebs cycle doesn’t have o2?

A

all NAD+ will be in NADH form
cells will run out of NAD+ and FAD+
any reaction that needs NAD+ or FAD+ will stop

82
Q

what will happen to glycolysis if there is no o2?

A

it will stop unless there is another set of reactions to make NAD+ (fermentation)

83
Q

what is the final step of cellular respiration?

A

ETC and ATP synthase

84
Q

Makes ATP using energy from H+ gradient

A

ATP synthase

85
Q

What are the energy conversions of 1 molecule of NADH and FADH after atp synthase?

A

NADH= 3 ATP
FADH= 2 ATP

86
Q

why do you make more ATP form NADH than from FADH?

A

electrons from NADH pass through 3 proton pumping steps. It creates a large H+ gradient so it has more energy
electrons from FADH only pass through 2 proton pumping steps. It makes a smaller gradient

87
Q

What is the maximum net yield per glucose of aerobic respiration?

A

38 ATP

88
Q

How many ATP is made from substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

4/38
34/38

89
Q

enzyme reaction
substrate level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation?

A

substrate

90
Q

enzyme reaction
substrate level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation?

A

substrate

91
Q

what requires oxygen?

substrate level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

92
Q

what is aerobic respirations net energy yield per glucose? (Don’t convert)

A

glycolysis- 2 atp and 2 NADH
import into mitochondria- 2 NADH
Krebs cycle- 2 atp and 6 NADH and 2 FADH
Total - 4 atp and 10 NADH and 2 FADH
(All of this atp was made through substrate level phosphorylation

93
Q

what is aerobic respirations net energy yield per glucose? (Covert)

A

glycolysis- 2 atp and (2•3=6 atp)
import into mitochondria- (2•3=6 atp)
Krebs cycle- 2 atp and (6•3=18atp) and (2•2=4atp)
total- 4 atp, 30 atp, 4 atp= 38

94
Q

how does it cost to move nadh into the mitochondria?

A

2 nadh= 1 atp

95
Q

2 nadh made in the cytoplasm moves into mitochondria which makes the total with shipping

A

36 atp

96
Q

where does everything start out in for glycolysis?

A

cytoplasm

97
Q

If there is oxygen, where do you go after glycolysis?

A

the mitochondria and do aerobic respiration

98
Q

after glycolysis, if there is no oxygen what happens and where?

A

fermentation in the cytoplasm

99
Q

What are the steps for anaerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis and fermentation reactions

100
Q

what does fermentation do?

A

convert NADH into nad+

101
Q

where does alcohol fermentation take place?

A

plants, fungi, and some bacteria

102
Q

How many NADH does alcohol fermentation use up?

A

2

103
Q

Is atp or oxygen made in fermentation?

A

No

104
Q

Where does lactic acid fermentation take place?

A

animals and some bacteria

105
Q

How much Nadh is used up in lactic acid fermentation?

A

2

106
Q

in animals, what does fermentation covert?

A

pyrvate into lactate

107
Q

In plants and fungi, what does fermentation covert?

A

pyruvate into ethanol

108
Q

what is anaerobic respiration net energy yield per glucose?

A

Glycolysis- 2 atp and 2 NADH
fermentation- uses up 2 NADH
Total 2 atp

109
Q

why is nadh used up in anaerobic respiration?

A

it turns into nad+

110
Q

in fermentation, what does converting nadh into nad+ do?

A

keeps glycolysis going

111
Q

what does glycolysis make in fermentation?

A

2 atp and 2 nadh

112
Q

what does fermentation make in anaerobic respiration?

A

2 nadh goes to 2 nad+

113
Q

what does lactic acid ferment to?

A

Cheddar cheese, yogurt, soy sauce

114
Q

what does co2 and ethanol ferment to?

A

wine and beer

115
Q

what does co2 and propionic acid ferment to?

A

Swiss cheese

116
Q

what does acetone and isopropanol ferment to?

A

nail polish remover, rubbing alcohol

117
Q

what does acetic acid ferment to?

A

vinegar

118
Q

what food molecules can break down?

A

carbs, fats -tri, proteins

119
Q

what do carbs metabolize to?

A

starch, disaccharides, sugars

120
Q

what do fats metabolize to?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

121
Q

what do proteins metabolize to?

A

amino acids

122
Q

Where do starch and disaccharides enter the cycle?
how does it happen?

A

beginning of glycolysis
cuts off a glucose one at a time and the the two sugars are cut in half

123
Q

where does glycerol enter the cycle?

A

middle of glycolysis

124
Q

what food digestion is part 1 and 2?

A

1) carbs - C6 sugars
2) fats - C3 sugars

125
Q

What does glycerol covert into?

A

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

126
Q

Where do fatty acids enter the cycle at?

A

1st step of citric acid cycle

127
Q

what uses beta oxidation and what is it ?

A

fatty acids- fatty acids is 18 carbon chain and is broken into acetyle CoA C2. There are 9 of these c2 chains

128
Q

With triglycerides, how many times for the Krebs cycle go?

A

27 times- 9 times per fatty acid and there are 3 of them

129
Q

what uses deamination and what is it?

A

proteins/ amino acids- NH2 (amino group) is removed from AA

130
Q

where do amino acids enter the cycle?

A

Either import into mitochondria or 1st step or middle of citric acid cycle

131
Q

what steps happen for pyruvate- acetyle CoA- citric acid cycle

A

transition and first reaction of krebs

132
Q

what is converted to sugars that can be broken down during respiration?

A

amino acid c skeletons

133
Q

what is the reaction of import to mitochondria or transition?

A

pyruvate (C3) + CoA + NAD+ -> acetyl CoA (C2) + CO2 + NADH

134
Q

what is the 1st reaction of Krebs cycle?

A

acetyle CoA (C2) + oxaloacetate (C4) -> citric acid (C6) + CoA

135
Q

what is the reaction of fermentation in animals?

A

pyruvate (C3) + NADH -> lactic acid (C3) + NAD +

136
Q

what is the reaction for fermentation in plants and fungi?

A

pyruvate (C3) -> acetaldehyde (C2) + CO2

acetaldehyde (C2) + NADH -> ethanol (C2) + NAD*

137
Q

can cells switch respiration?

A

yes - muscle cells can switch to anaerobic if oxygen isn’t reached so they will switch to fermentation temporarily

BIO 1200 (17 decks)

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