Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
general formula for respiration
A
C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
2
Q
general formula for photosynthesis
A
CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2
3
Q
what do cells run on?
A
ATP
4
Q
where does glycolysis occur?
A
cytoplasm
5
Q
where does the Krebs cycle occur?
A
matrix of mitochondria
6
Q
where does the transition step?
A
matrix
7
Q
where does the ETC and ATPace occur?
A
cristae of mitochondria
8
Q
anaerobic vs aerobic respiration
A
anaerobic- no O2
aerobic - O2
9
Q
what are the steps for anaerobic respiration?
A
glycolysis, fermentation, reactions
10
Q
what are the steps for aerobic respiration?
A
glycolysis, import into mitochondria,, Krebs cycle, electron transport
11
Q
what is the main purpose of cellular respiration?
A
break down sugar to make ATP
12
Q
what is the first stage of aerobic respiration?
A
glycolysis- happens in the cytoplasm
13
Q
what is the 2nd step of the aerobic respiration?
A
import into the mitochondria (transition step) - occurs in the matrix
14
Q
what is the 3rd step in aerobic respiration?
A
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) - occurs in the matrix because it needs to be in liquid
15
Q
what is the 4th step of aerobic respiration?
A
electron transport chain and ATP synthesis- occurs in the cristae which is the folded inter membrane
16
Q
how many molecules does glucose make?
A
2 pyruvate
17
Q
what are the 2 parts of glycolysis?
A
part 1: energy investment
part 2: energy payoff
18
Q
what steps and parts are in part 1 of glycolysis?
A
energy investment (steps 1-3)
cleavage and rearrangement (steps 4-5)
19
Q
what is the step and part of part 2 of glycolysis?
A
energy payoff phase (step 6-10)
20
Q
what is the energy investment formula of glycolysis?
A
Glucose (C6) + 2ATP -> Fructose (DHAP + G3P) -1-6bisphosphate (C6) + 2 ADP
21
Q
what is the cleavage and rearrangement formula?
A
fructose 1-6bisphosphate (C6) -> 2G3P (C3)
G3P=glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
22
Q
what is the energy input for glycolysis?
A
2 ATP
23
Q
what is the output of glycolysis?
A
4 ATP and 2 NADH
24
Q
G
A
25
what happens / formula for glycolysis part 2
(G3P C3->->-> pyruvate C3) x2
26
what is the substrate and products for glycolysis part 1?
glucose (C6 sugar)
2 C3 sugars - DHAP, G3P
27
what is the substrate and products for glycolysis part 2?
2 G3P
2 pyruvates (c3 sugars)
28
what is the energy input for glycolysis part 1?
What is the energy output for glycolysis part 2?
What is the net energy yield?
2 ATP
2 NADH and 4 ATP
2 ATP AND 2 NADH
29
what is the formula/ steps for import into the mitochondria?
(pyruvate C3 + NAD+ + CoA -> acetyl CoA C2 + CO2 + NADH) x2
30
what is the net energy yield/glucose for import into the mitochondria?
2 NADH
31
what is acetyl CoA?
Acetyl from pyruvate attached to coenzyme 1
32
what enzyme is used in import into the mitochondria?
pyruvate dehydrogenase
33
how many times do you do the Krebs cycle?
2
34
what is the Krebs cycle formula
2 acetylCoA C2 + 2 oxaloacetate C4 -> 2 citric acid C6 + 2 CoA
35
what is the 1st reaction of the Krebs cycle?
AcetylCoA C2 + oxaloacetate C4 -> citric acid C6 + CoA
36
how are sugars rearranged in the first reaction of the Krebs cylcle?
decarboxylated
oxidized
37
what is decarboxylated?
co2 is released/ cut off
38
what is oxidized?
reduced, high energy compounds are made- NADH and FADH2
39
what is produced after each Krebs cycle?
3 NADH and 1 FADH and 1 ATP
40
how is atp made in the Krebs cycle?
substrate level phosphorylation
41
when is a redox reaction occurring in the Krebs cycle?
anytime NADH and FADH is made
42
what is substrate level phosphorylation?
method of making atp in an enzyme reaction
one group of p is transferred from one sugar to atp
43
what is made per glucose for the Krebs cycle?
6 NADH + 2FADH + 2 ATP - it starts with 2 aceytle
44
why does the Krebs cycle happen twice?
per glucose there is 2 pyruvate and 2 acetyl CoA
45
what is the energy outcome of the transition step per pyruvate?
1 NADH
46
what is the total net energy yield per glucose of aerobic respiration?
4 ATP + 10 NADH + 2 FADH
47
Can most enzymes use NADH and FADH?
no so it has to be turned into ATP
48
what is the purpose of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?
uses the energy in NADH and FADH to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation=chemiosmosis
49
what is oxidative phosphorylation?
uses the H+ gradient to make ATP
50
What is the electron transport chain?
Makes a H+ gradient
51
what does a reduced compound become?
oxidized- loses e-s
52
what does a oxidized compound become?
reduced- Gains e-s
53
what are electron carriers arranged by?
redox potential in cristae
54
How are electrons passed?
down the energy gradient in small increments
55
where are H+ pumped?
crossed the membrane
56
do the proteins/complexes move much
no- they are too big
57
what would happen if the energy would be released all at once?
It would be uncontrolled and atp would not be made because most energy would be lost to heat
58
a complex can only donate an electron to a
Lower energy level
59
NADH - coenzyme Q
oxidoreductase
complex 1
60
succinate - coenzyme Q
oxidareductase
complex 2
61
Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c
oxidoreductase
complex 3
62
cytochrome c
oxidase
complex 4
63
what do mobile electron carriers do?
go back and forth
64
What are the types of mobile electron carriers?
coenzyme Q / Ubiquinone - lipid
cytochrome c - small protein
65
each complex has how many electron carriers?
more than one
66
where can Q move?
the lipid bilayer between 2 and 3
67
what happens to H+ as electrons are transported down the ETC?
They are transported across the cristae membranes into the intermembrane space at 3 places: Complex 1,3,4
68
What will the H+ gradient be used for?
energy for ATP synthesis
69
What is ATP synthase?
uses H+ gradient as a source of energy to make ATP
70
How many electron pumping steps does NADH go through?
3 - makes bigger gradient
71
how much ATP does 1 NADH make?
3
72
How many electron pumping steps does FADH go through?
2 - makes smaller gradient
73
how many ATP does FADH make?
2
74
What complex donates electrons to oxygen to make water?
4
75
When NADH donates electrons to the ETC what is the order of electron carriers?
complex 1- Q - 3- cytochrome c- 4 - oxygen
76
When FADH donates electrons to the ETC what is the order of electron carriers?
Complex 2- Q-3- cytochrome c-4-oxygen
77
what is ATP synthase?
an enzyme that makes ATP - looks like a doorknob
78
What causes electron transport to stop?
Lack of oxygen and poison
79
what happens if electron transport stops?
no carriers can pass on their electrons (will be stuck in their reduced form), no H gradient is made, no energy to make atp, step 4 can’t pass on electrons to oxygen, reaction can’t take place, will start accumulating NADH and FADH
80
What does arsenic stop?
Krebs cycle and inhibits part of glycolysis
81
What happens if the Krebs cycle doesn’t have o2?
all NAD+ will be in NADH form
cells will run out of NAD+ and FAD+
any reaction that needs NAD+ or FAD+ will stop
82
what will happen to glycolysis if there is no o2?
it will stop unless there is another set of reactions to make NAD+ (fermentation)
83
what is the final step of cellular respiration?
ETC and ATP synthase
84
Makes ATP using energy from H+ gradient
ATP synthase
85
What are the energy conversions of 1 molecule of NADH and FADH after atp synthase?
NADH= 3 ATP
FADH= 2 ATP
86
why do you make more ATP form NADH than from FADH?
electrons from NADH pass through 3 proton pumping steps. It creates a large H+ gradient so it has more energy
electrons from FADH only pass through 2 proton pumping steps. It makes a smaller gradient
87
What is the maximum net yield per glucose of aerobic respiration?
38 ATP
88
How many ATP is made from substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
4/38
34/38
89
enzyme reaction
substrate level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation?
substrate
90
enzyme reaction
substrate level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation?
substrate
91
what requires oxygen?
substrate level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation?
oxidative phosphorylation
92
what is aerobic respirations net energy yield per glucose? (Don’t convert)
glycolysis- 2 atp and 2 NADH
import into mitochondria- 2 NADH
Krebs cycle- 2 atp and 6 NADH and 2 FADH
Total - 4 atp and 10 NADH and 2 FADH
(All of this atp was made through substrate level phosphorylation
93
what is aerobic respirations net energy yield per glucose? (Covert)
glycolysis- 2 atp and (2•3=6 atp)
import into mitochondria- (2•3=6 atp)
Krebs cycle- 2 atp and (6•3=18atp) and (2•2=4atp)
total- 4 atp, 30 atp, 4 atp= 38
94
how does it cost to move nadh into the mitochondria?
2 nadh= 1 atp
95
2 nadh made in the cytoplasm moves into mitochondria which makes the total with shipping
36 atp
96
where does everything start out in for glycolysis?
cytoplasm
97
If there is oxygen, where do you go after glycolysis?
the mitochondria and do aerobic respiration
98
after glycolysis, if there is no oxygen what happens and where?
fermentation in the cytoplasm
99
What are the steps for anaerobic respiration?
glycolysis and fermentation reactions
100
what does fermentation do?
convert NADH into nad+
101
where does alcohol fermentation take place?
plants, fungi, and some bacteria
102
How many NADH does alcohol fermentation use up?
2
103
Is atp or oxygen made in fermentation?
No
104
Where does lactic acid fermentation take place?
animals and some bacteria
105
How much Nadh is used up in lactic acid fermentation?
2
106
in animals, what does fermentation covert?
pyrvate into lactate
107
In plants and fungi, what does fermentation covert?
pyruvate into ethanol
108
what is anaerobic respiration net energy yield per glucose?
Glycolysis- 2 atp and 2 NADH
fermentation- uses up 2 NADH
Total 2 atp
109
why is nadh used up in anaerobic respiration?
it turns into nad+
110
in fermentation, what does converting nadh into nad+ do?
keeps glycolysis going
111
what does glycolysis make in fermentation?
2 atp and 2 nadh
112
what does fermentation make in anaerobic respiration?
2 nadh goes to 2 nad+
113
what does lactic acid ferment to?
Cheddar cheese, yogurt, soy sauce
114
what does co2 and ethanol ferment to?
wine and beer
115
what does co2 and propionic acid ferment to?
Swiss cheese
116
what does acetone and isopropanol ferment to?
nail polish remover, rubbing alcohol
117
what does acetic acid ferment to?
vinegar
118
what food molecules can break down?
carbs, fats -tri, proteins
119
what do carbs metabolize to?
starch, disaccharides, sugars
120
what do fats metabolize to?
glycerol and fatty acids
121
what do proteins metabolize to?
amino acids
122
Where do starch and disaccharides enter the cycle?
how does it happen?
beginning of glycolysis
cuts off a glucose one at a time and the the two sugars are cut in half
123
where does glycerol enter the cycle?
middle of glycolysis
124
what food digestion is part 1 and 2?
1) carbs - C6 sugars
2) fats - C3 sugars
125
What does glycerol covert into?
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
126
Where do fatty acids enter the cycle at?
1st step of citric acid cycle
127
what uses beta oxidation and what is it ?
fatty acids- fatty acids is 18 carbon chain and is broken into acetyle CoA C2. There are 9 of these c2 chains
128
With triglycerides, how many times for the Krebs cycle go?
27 times- 9 times per fatty acid and there are 3 of them
129
what uses deamination and what is it?
proteins/ amino acids- NH2 (amino group) is removed from AA
130
where do amino acids enter the cycle?
Either import into mitochondria or 1st step or middle of citric acid cycle
131
what steps happen for pyruvate- acetyle CoA- citric acid cycle
transition and first reaction of krebs
132
what is converted to sugars that can be broken down during respiration?
amino acid c skeletons
133
what is the reaction of import to mitochondria or transition?
pyruvate (C3) + CoA + NAD+ -> acetyl CoA (C2) + CO2 + NADH
134
what is the 1st reaction of Krebs cycle?
acetyle CoA (C2) + oxaloacetate (C4) -> citric acid (C6) + CoA
135
what is the reaction of fermentation in animals?
pyruvate (C3) + NADH -> lactic acid (C3) + NAD +
136
what is the reaction for fermentation in plants and fungi?
pyruvate (C3) -> acetaldehyde (C2) + CO2
acetaldehyde (C2) + NADH -> ethanol (C2) + NAD*
137
can cells switch respiration?
yes - muscle cells can switch to anaerobic if oxygen isn’t reached so they will switch to fermentation temporarily
