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BIO 1200 > Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell theory?

A

every cell comes from a preexisting cell

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2
Q

what is the smallest unit of life?

A

the cell

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3
Q

what are all living things made of?

A

cells

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4
Q

What do all cells contain?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA

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5
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

separates the living part of a cell from the non-living environment

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6
Q

what are the two main types of cells?

A

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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7
Q

what are the nucleus types in the types of cells?

A

pro- no membrane bound nucleus
euk- true nucleus

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8
Q

What is the structure of DNA in prokaryotes?

A

it is located in the nucleoid, a region of the cytoplasm
it is one large piece of circular DNA
it is naked so it only has a few proteins bound to it (no hisones)
there is no membrane around the DNA

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9
Q

no membrane bound organelles

A

prokaryotes

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10
Q

no complex internal membranes (no ER or golgi)

A

prokaryotes

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11
Q

small 79S ribosomes

A

prokaryotes

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12
Q

most have a cell wall

A

prokaryotes

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13
Q

reproduce only by binary fission

A

prokaryotes

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14
Q

some genetic recombination, but rare

A

prokaryotes

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15
Q

what are the kingdoms and domains for prokaryotic cells?

A

kingdom monera
Domain bacteria
Domain archaea

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16
Q

what does the domain bacteria contain?

A

eubacteria and the Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic)

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17
Q

what does the domain archaea contain?

A

archaebacteria (halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens)

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18
Q

what is the structure of DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

contains a true nucleus with a double membrane
linear DNA arranged in chromosomes
DNA is chromatin- DNA + many proteins

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19
Q

contains many membrane bound organelles

A

eukaryotes

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20
Q

complex internal membranes present: ER and golgi

A

eukaryotes

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21
Q

large 80S ribosomes

A

eukaryotes

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22
Q

binary fission or asexual reproduction (little or no genetic recombination)
sexual reproduction (lots of genetic recombination)

A

eukaryotes

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23
Q

what domains and kingdoms do eukaryotic cells have?

A

Domain eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom fungi
Kingdom plantae
Kingdom animalia

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24
Q

what are kingdoms together if they are very different from each other?

A

their cell structure is similar to

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25
Q

what are kingdom protistas?

A

single cell organisms

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26
Q

what is the plasma membranes function in organelles?

A

regulates entry into and out of the cell

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27
Q

what is the structure of the plasma membrane known as organelles?

A

phospholipid bilayer with proteins attached and embedded in it
50-50

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28
Q

which organelles are surrounded by a double membrane in a organelle?

A

nucleus (2 lipid bilayer)
mitochondria
chloroplast

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29
Q

what is the brain of the cell?

A

nucleus

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30
Q

what is the structure of the nucleus?

A

double membrane, nuclear pores, nucleolus, DNA in chromatin

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31
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

stores DNA
DNA replication
RNA synthesis

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32
Q

what are nuclear pores?

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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33
Q

True or false
anything involving DNA has to take place in the nucleus because it can’t leave

A

True

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34
Q

When is the c chromosome in that shape?

A

when it divides

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35
Q

what is the cellular energy generator?

A

mitochondria

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36
Q

what is the cristae?

A

folded inner membrane, site of electron transport chain

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37
Q

what is the mitochondrial matrix?

A

liquid part, contains Krebs cycle, DNA, and ribosomes

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38
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

cellular respiration ( produces atp to produce energy)
(aerobic respiration breaks down sugars to produce atp)

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39
Q

is the mitochondria semiautonomous?

A

yes

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40
Q

what is the solar generator?

A

chloroplast

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41
Q

what are thylakoids?

A

green photosynthetic membrane (chlorophyll, light reactions)

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42
Q

what is the stroma?

A

liquid part, contains Calvin cycle, DNA, ribosomes

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43
Q

what are grana (granums)

A

stacks of thylakoids

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44
Q

what is the function of chloroplast?

A

photosynthesis, make sugars

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45
Q

how many membranes does chloroplast have?

A

2

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46
Q

liquid part of chloroplast
liquid part of mitochondria

A

stroma
matrix

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47
Q

is the chloroplast semiautonomous?

A

yes

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48
Q

what is the endosymbiont theory?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from small bacteria that were engulfed by larger bacteria during the evolution of eukaryotic cells

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49
Q

what is the evidence for endosymboint theory?

A

mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria are similar sizes
- all have prokaryotic DNA (circular and prokaryotic gene structure)
all have prokaryotic 60S ribosomes

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50
Q

what contains circular dna, prokaryotic gene structure, and small 60S ribosomes

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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51
Q

where did the mitochondria originate from?

A

purple nonsulfur bacteria (aerobic, heterotrophic cells)

52
Q

what is the advantage of mitochondria’s?

A

aerobic respiration produces much more energy (atp) than prokaryotes

53
Q

what is the advantage of mitochondria’s?

A

aerobic respiration produces much more energy (atp) than prokaryotes

54
Q

where did chloroplast originate from?

A

Cyanobacteria (autotrophic cells)

55
Q

what is the advantage of chloroplasts?

A

cells can produce its own sugar by photosynthesis

56
Q

are the mitochondria and chloroplasts free living?

A

no but they used to be

57
Q

what organelle is bound by a single membrane?

A

vacuole
perixisomes
lysosomes

58
Q

what is a vacuole?

A

storage and breakdown of substances, turgid pressure in plants

59
Q

when a plant is dehydrated, where does it lose its water from?

60
Q

what are perixisomes?

A

break down peroxide

61
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

use acid hydrolysis to break down macromolecules (p, l, na, c)

62
Q

what is the cells stomach

63
Q

what do lysosomes contain?

A

digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules, nutrients and cell parts so they can be used and recycled in the cell

64
Q

where do vesicles transport substances to be broken down at?

65
Q

what are ribosomes structure?

A

large subunit and small subunit
made of 50% rRNA and 50% protein (no membrane)

66
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis

67
Q

what is the location of ribosomes?

A

cytoplasm and rough ER

68
Q

what is in the endomembrane system?

A

smooth ER
rough ER
golgi
vesicles
lysosomes

69
Q

endomembrane system is where in the cell

70
Q

what is the structure of the smooth ER

A

tubular sheets of membranes continuous with rough ER, no ribosomes

71
Q

what is the function of the smooth ER?

A

lipid and membrane synthesis- main function
Ca++ storage - muscle cells
detoxification - liver cells
carbohydrate metabolism

72
Q

what is the structure of the rough ER?

A

sheets of membrane, contains ribosomes on surface
is continuous with nuclear membrane

73
Q

what is the function of the rough ER?

A

protein synthesis
insertion (embedded) of proteins into membrane
gulcosylation: add sugars to certain proteins

74
Q

what is the packaging and shipping center?

75
Q

what is the structure of the Golgi?

A

stacks of membranes

76
Q

what is the lumen of the golgi?

A

area enclosed by Golgi membrane

77
Q

what way do the ends of the Golgi face?

A

One faces rough ER and other faces plasma membrane

78
Q

where are proteins in the Golgi received from?

79
Q

in the Golgi are proteins modified

A

yes : sugars are attached to proteins (glycoaylation)

different chemical reactions take place in each stack so proteins are modified

80
Q

what happens to proteins in the Golgi?

A

sorted based on tags
packed into vesicles depending on where they go
sent to their final location in the cell

81
Q

what are vesicles?

A

small membrane sacs that transport substances between membranes or organelles

82
Q

proteins made in the rough ER are sent to the

83
Q

where is the ER lumen?

A

the area inside of the tube which is formed by the er membrane

84
Q

proteins in the lumen of the ER are packed in

85
Q

protein sorting in Golgi
where are proteins sent

A

Plasma membrane or lysosomes

86
Q

what is intracellular transport?

A

proteins being sent and moved

87
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

network of molecules inside the cell

88
Q

what is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
microtubules

89
Q

what is the function of cytoskeleton?

A

gives structure to the cell and organelles
Involved in intracellular transport
Involved in cell movement

90
Q

what are actin filaments?

A

made of actin, a long fibrous protein

91
Q

where is actin usually found?

A

beneath plasma membrane and it gives shape to the cell

92
Q

what is actin involved in?

A

cell movement

93
Q

what are intermediate filaments?

A

are very strong and form a general scaffold inside the cell

94
Q

can many different proteins form intermediate filaments?

95
Q

what are microtubules?

A

hollow tubes made of tubular proteins
spindle fibers

96
Q

what are microtubules involved in?

A

intracellular movement

97
Q

what are microtubules components of?

98
Q

what is intracellular movements?

A

track: microtubules
motor proteins: walks along track, carries cargo
cargo: vesicle, chromosome

99
Q

what do motor proteins do?

A

tow vesicles along the microtubule highway in cytoskeleton
It uses atp everytime it steps

100
Q

what do cilia and flagella contain?

A

microtubules

101
Q

what do cilia and flagella move?

A

cell through liquid
air or water across a surface

102
Q

size of cilia?

A

short and a ton of them

103
Q

size of flagella?

A

longer and only a couple

104
Q

what are cilia and flagella covered by?

A

plasma membrane

105
Q

what is cilia and flagella’s inner core?

A

microtubules

106
Q

what is a cell wall?

A

gives structure to cell not a barrier so anything can go in and out

107
Q

where are cell walls located

A

outside of plasma membrane

108
Q

what is middle lamella?

A

glue some cell to adjacent cell

109
Q

what cells don’t have a cell wall

110
Q

what is the cell wall composed of?

A

cellulose
Protein
Sugars

111
Q

what is the middle lamella made of?

A

calcium pectate/pectin

112
Q

where is the animal extracellular matrix located? ECM

A

outside of plasma membrane

113
Q

what is the animal ECM made of?

A

proteins and carbohydrates (proteoglycan)

114
Q

why are plants more like animal cells?

A

both are eukaryotic, so are more alike than bacteria
they have the characteristics of a eukaryotic cell

115
Q

plant eukaryotic cells contain

A

Nucleus, linear dna in chromosomes, chromatin, mitochondria and other organelles, large 80s ribosomes, RER, SER, Golgi, cytoskeleton, and plasma membrane

116
Q

what structures are only in plant cells?

A

cell wall
chloroplast
large central vacuole (start little but fuse together)

117
Q

what structures are found in all plant cells?

A

cell wall, mitochondria

chloroplast (only in some cells in green photosynthetic tissue, not roots, stems, flowers), large central vacuoles (only in mature cells not young dividing cells), and plasmodesmata

118
Q

what is plasmodestmata?

A

cytoplasmic connections between cells
how cells communicate

119
Q

do all plant cells have lysosome?

120
Q

What are sorting signals?

A

short amino acid sequences that direct where proteins go

121
Q

where is cholesterol with the cell?

A

near the fatty acid tails

122
Q

What is mosaic, semipermeable, fluid, sided?

123
Q

which cell?
vacuoles

A

Plant and animal

124
Q

which cell?
peroxisomes

A

Plant and animals

125
Q

Lysosomes

A

Plant and animal

BIO 1200 (17 decks)

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