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BIO 1200 > Chapter 3: Chemical Basis Of Life 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Chemical Basis Of Life 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what do organic compounds contain?

A

carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

what are atoms in organic molecules usually connected by?

A

covalent bonds

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3
Q

what are organic compounds made by?

A

living organisms

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4
Q

what do inorganic compounds contain?

A

elements, metals, and ions

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5
Q

what are atoms in inorganic molecules usually connected by?

A

ionic bonds

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6
Q

where are inorganic compounds found?

A

the environment

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7
Q

what shape and size are inorganic molecules normally?

A

small, simple molecules

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8
Q

what shape and size are organic molecules normally?

A

some are small but many are large and complex

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9
Q

example for inorganic molecules

A

salts and minerals, h2o and co2

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10
Q

examples of organic molecules

A

lipids (fats), protiens, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

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11
Q

in organic molecules, what is normally with c and h?

A

o

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12
Q

how are carbons written in diagrams?

A

each corner

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13
Q

how are hydrogens written in diagrams?

A

black line

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14
Q

what are two elements of life?

A

macro and micro elements

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15
Q

what are two elements of life?

A

macro and micro elements

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16
Q

what are the main elements in macroelements?

A

CHONPS

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17
Q

what are macroelements the main component of?

A

macromolecules

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18
Q

what are the main elements in microelements?

A

Mg, K, Mn, Ca, Fe, Cu

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19
Q

what are microelements usually used for?

A

cofactors for proper enzyme function

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20
Q

which element of life is needed in much smaller amounts?

A

micro

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21
Q

which element in life is needed in large quantities?

A

macro (found in living things)

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22
Q

what is a hydrogen bond?

A

bond between an H and an electronegative atom (o or n)

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23
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

bond between a positively charged ion and negatively charged ion

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24
Q

what is a disulfide ion?

A

a covalent bond between 2 S atoms

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25
Q

what is the hydrophobic effect?
hydrophobic- hydrophilic interactions

A

like are attracted to like
phobic - phobic
philic-philic

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26
Q

functional group: hydroxyl

A

R- OH, polar

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27
Q

functional group: carbonyl

A

R- C=O, polar

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28
Q

functional group: carboxyl

A

R- COOH or R-COO-, polar, charged

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29
Q

functional group: amino

A

R-NH2, polar, charged

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30
Q

functional group: Sulfhydryl

A

R-SH, polar

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31
Q

functional group: phosphate

A

R- PO4, polar, charged

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32
Q

functional group: sulfate

A

R-SO4, polar, charged

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33
Q

functional group: methyl

A

R-CH3, nonpolar

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34
Q

what elements are normally polar?

A

N and O

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35
Q

will amino groups have both charged and uncharged groups?

A

yes

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36
Q

will carboxyl groups have both charged and uncharged groups?

A

no- only uncharged

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37
Q

what is dehydration synthesis reactions function?

A

connect subunits together to make a long polymer (remove h2o)

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38
Q

what is hydrolysis reactions function?

A

to break a large polymer into its subunits (add h2o)

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39
Q

what are common enzyme reactions?

A

dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

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40
Q

which enzyme reaction is this?

2 monomers are connected together with a covalent bond

a molecule of water is produced

A

dehydration synthesis

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41
Q

which enzyme reaction is this?
the covalent bond between 2 subunits are broken
2 smaller molecules are produced
a molecule of water is used up

A

hydrolysis

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42
Q

what are the 4 macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates: CH2O
lipids: CHO
proteins: CHONS
nucleic acids: CHONP

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43
Q

which macromolecules have a set ratio?

A

carbohydrates- twice as much h as c

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44
Q

how many Ps do nucleic acids normally have?

A

one

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45
Q

examples of carbohydrates

A

sugars and starches

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46
Q

example so lipids

A

fats, oils, steroids

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47
Q

examples of protiens

A

enzymes

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48
Q

examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA

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49
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

simple sugars

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50
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

2 sugars connected by a covalent bond

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51
Q

types of carbohydrates (simple sugars)

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides

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52
Q

explain dehydration synthesis for sugars

A

2 simple sugars are combined to form disaccharide

a molecule of water is removed during the reaction

sugars are connected by a covalent bond called a glycosidic bond(sugar bond)

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53
Q

what type of energy are mono and disaccharides used for?

A

quick

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54
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

long polymer made of sugar units

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55
Q

describe the chain of polysaccharides

A

they can either be straight (unbranched) or branched

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56
Q

what are storage polysaccharides?

A

stored form of energy in the cell

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57
Q

what bonds do polysaccharides use?

A

alpha glycosidic bonds

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58
Q

what are examples of storage polysaccharides?

A

starch and glycogen

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59
Q

are storage polysaccharides easily broken?

A

yes- most organisms can break alpha gylcosidic bonds so these compounds are easily broken down when the cell needs sugar

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60
Q

what type of energy is storage polysaccharides used for?

A

long term energy use

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61
Q

what are plants stored carbs?

A

starch

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62
Q

what are animals storage carb?

A

glycogen

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63
Q

what are structural polysaccharides?

A

structural component of the cell

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64
Q

what type of bond are sugars connected by in structural polysaccharides?

A

beta glycosidic bonds

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65
Q

are structural polysaccharides easily broken?

A

no- most organisms can’t break beta gylocosidic bonds so these compounds are very stable

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66
Q

what are examples of structural polysaccharides?

A

cellulose and chitin

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67
Q

which polysaccharide is stored food?

A

storage

68
Q

what is cellulose used for?

A

to build cell wall

69
Q

describe cellulose

A

glucose polymer
straight chain
B glycosidic bonds

70
Q

describe starch

A

glucose polymer
unbranched or less branched
A glycosidic bonds

71
Q

describe gylcogen

A

glucose polymer
branched chain
A glycosidic bond

72
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

protiens with sugars covalent attached to them

73
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

food/energy
storage
structure

74
Q

function of carbohydrates: food/energy

A

used to make short term chemical energy used in enzyme reaction

75
Q

function of carbohydrates: storage

A

stored form of chemical energy to be used later as food

76
Q

function of carbohydrates: structure

A

structural component of cells, like cell wall, shell/exoskeleton of insects, extracellular matrix of animals (cartilage)

77
Q

subunits are basically

A

sugars

78
Q

what are protiens made out of?

A

amino acids

79
Q

what are the groups of amino acids?

A

amino, carboxyl, R

80
Q

aminos acids start out as which element?

A

C

81
Q

amino group

A

NH2 or NH3+

82
Q

what are the types of amino acids?

A

nonpolar or uncharged
polar charged
polar uncharged

83
Q

what are peptide bonds?

A

they connect amino acids

84
Q

describe the formation of a peptide bond

A

2 amino acids are connected together
a molecule of H2O is produced
reaction is dehydration synthesis

85
Q

what is a polypeptide?

A

chain of amino acids

86
Q

what is the front end of a protein called and have?

A

N terminus
amino group

87
Q

what is the rear end of a protein called and have?

A

C terminus
carboxyl group

88
Q

what are the levels of protein structure?

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

89
Q

what happens if the protein doesn’t get folded up properly?

A

it is unusable

90
Q

what is the primary structure?

A

the sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds (very strong)

91
Q

what is the secondary structure?

A

localized folding of polypeptide chain (interactions between nearby amino acids)
mainly due to H bonds

92
Q

examples of secondary structures

A

alpha helix
beta sheet

93
Q

what is the tertiary structure?

A

the final 3d structure of a polypeptide chain
it involves interactions between distant amino acids

94
Q

what protein structure connects the helix to the beta sheet?

A

tertiary

95
Q

what protein structure do you stop at if it only has one subunit?

A

tertiary

96
Q

what is the quaternary structure?

A

interaction between different protein subunits to form whole proteins

only proteins that have more than one e subunit have this

97
Q

Each individual subunit has their own what?

A

3d shape

98
Q

when is the final 3d shape of a subunit?

A

tertiary

99
Q

what type of bonds are in the 2,3,4 protein structures?

A

H bonds
Ionic
Disulfide
Hydrophobic effect
Can de waals force

100
Q

what is protein denaturation?

A

protiens unfold and no longer function properly

101
Q

what causes protein denaturation?

A

bonds involved in 3d structure are broken

102
Q

how do you denature h bonds?

A

changing the ph

103
Q

what are some protein functions?

A

enzymes, structural, receptor, transport, hormones

104
Q

what are enzymes?

A

perform chemical reactions

105
Q

what are structural proteins?

A

build something (collagen or keratin)

106
Q

what are receptor proteins?

A

involved in communication

107
Q

what are transport protiens?

A

controls what goes in and out of

108
Q

what are hormones?

A

a long distance chemical signal and is involved in communication, insulin

109
Q

what are dna and rna?

A

nucleic acids

110
Q

what are nucleic acids made of?

A

nucleotides
5 carbon sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base

111
Q

if it has a phosphate it is automatically a

A

nucleic acid

112
Q

what does rna contain?

A

the sugar ribose in ribonucleotides (NTPs)

113
Q

what does dna contain?

A

the sugar deoxyribose in deoxyribosenucleotides (rNTPs)

114
Q

which isn’t stable? dna or rna

A

rna

115
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases?

A

purines and pyrimidines

116
Q

what are purines?

A

nitrogenous base with 2 rings
Adeline and Guanine

117
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

nitrogenous bases with only 1 ring
Cytosine, Thymine, and uracile

118
Q

what are the bases in rna?

A

AGCU

119
Q

what are the bases in dna?

A

AGCT

120
Q

now are nucleotides on the same strand connected?

A

phosphodiester bonds

121
Q

what does the first nucleotide have?

A

5’ phosphate group

122
Q

what does the last nucleotide have?

A

a 3’ OH

123
Q

what does antiparallel mean?

A

one strand is flipped 180

124
Q

which is double stranded and has to be antiparalleled?

A

dna

125
Q

in dna, what are opposite strands making the base pairs going to be connected by?

A

h bond because it is easily broken so it can unzip an zip back up

126
Q

why do nucleotides need strong bonds?

A

if not the dna will change

127
Q

what do phosphodiester bonds connect to and make sugar phosphate backbone?

A

bases in the same strand

128
Q

what are dnas complementary base pairs?

A

A, T
G,C

129
Q

what do genes code for?

A

protiens

130
Q

what is single stranded?

A

rna

131
Q

what is mRNA?

A

codes for protiens, messenger

132
Q

what is tRNA?

A

brings aa to ribosome during protein synthesis, transfer

133
Q

what is rRNA?

A

structural part of ribosome, ribosomal

134
Q

what is snRNA?

A

in snRNPs and involved in rna splicing, small nuclear

135
Q

what are chemical properties of lipids?

A

usually large and hydrophobic

136
Q

examples of lipids

A

fats, oils, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, fatty acids

137
Q

what are the three lipid types?

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

138
Q

what are amphipatjic molecules?

A

some lipids, have a polar and nonpolar end

139
Q

example of amphipathic lipids

A

Fatty acids and phospholipids

140
Q

what are triglycerides function?
examples

A

store energy( think of stored food)
Fats and oils

141
Q

what is the triglyceride structure?

A

glycerol( a 3c alcohol) and 3 fatty acids (carboxyl group and long hydrocarbon chain)

142
Q

what are saturated fats?

A

solid at room temp (single bonds in fatty acids)

143
Q

what are saturated fats?

A

solid at room temp (single bonds in fatty acids)

144
Q

what are unsaturated fats?

A

liquid at room temp (at least one double or triple bond in fatty acids)

145
Q

saturated fats and unsaturated are

A

triglycerides

146
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid?

A

only single bonds in hydrocarbon chain, makes a straight molecule that can pack together tightly

147
Q

all 3 fatty acids are saturated

A

saturated fats

148
Q

has at least one unsaturated fatty acid

A

unsaturated fats

149
Q

what is a unsaturated fatty acid?

A

has at least one double or triple bond, add kink in molecules

150
Q

what is butter and cooking oil?

A

sat
Unsat

151
Q

what are phospholipids function?

A

component of membrane= phospholipid bilayer

152
Q

what are the two ends of a phospholipid?

A

charged and uncharged

153
Q

what is the phospholipid structure?

A

glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group, polar headgroup (small organic molecule) (charged or partially charged)

154
Q

why do phospholipids assemble in a bilayer?

A

the hydrophobic effect
the hydrophobic tails face each other and the heads are exposed to water

155
Q

how are the tails arranged in a phospholipid?

A

hydrophobic parts are tail to tail in the middle of the membrane

156
Q

how are the hydrophilic parts assembled on a phospholipid?

A

on the outer and inner surface of membrane

157
Q

what is a steroids structure?

A

4 characteristic rings + side chain

158
Q

what is the function of steroids?

A

component of membrane, hormones

159
Q

steroids are a

A

lipid

160
Q

what are some sex hormones?

A

steroids

161
Q

Lipid function: membrane structure

A

phospholipids, cholesterol (a steroid)

162
Q

Lipid function: energy store

A

triglycerides (fats and oils)

163
Q

Lipid function: hormones

A

steroids

164
Q

Lipid function: pigments

A

chlorophyll, carotene

165
Q

which structure connects nearby AA and which one is distant?

A

secondary
tertiary

166
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

the beach of chemistry that focuses on the study of carbon containing compounds, analyzing their structure, properties, reactions, and compositions

BIO 1200 (17 decks)

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