Chapter 3: Chemical Basis Of Life 2 Flashcards
what do organic compounds contain?
carbon and hydrogen
what are atoms in organic molecules usually connected by?
covalent bonds
what are organic compounds made by?
living organisms
what do inorganic compounds contain?
elements, metals, and ions
what are atoms in inorganic molecules usually connected by?
ionic bonds
where are inorganic compounds found?
the environment
what shape and size are inorganic molecules normally?
small, simple molecules
what shape and size are organic molecules normally?
some are small but many are large and complex
example for inorganic molecules
salts and minerals, h2o and co2
examples of organic molecules
lipids (fats), protiens, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
in organic molecules, what is normally with c and h?
o
how are carbons written in diagrams?
each corner
how are hydrogens written in diagrams?
black line
what are two elements of life?
macro and micro elements
what are two elements of life?
macro and micro elements
what are the main elements in macroelements?
CHONPS
what are macroelements the main component of?
macromolecules
what are the main elements in microelements?
Mg, K, Mn, Ca, Fe, Cu
what are microelements usually used for?
cofactors for proper enzyme function
which element of life is needed in much smaller amounts?
micro
which element in life is needed in large quantities?
macro (found in living things)
what is a hydrogen bond?
bond between an H and an electronegative atom (o or n)
what is an ionic bond?
bond between a positively charged ion and negatively charged ion
what is a disulfide ion?
a covalent bond between 2 S atoms
what is the hydrophobic effect?
hydrophobic- hydrophilic interactions
like are attracted to like
phobic - phobic
philic-philic
functional group: hydroxyl
R- OH, polar
functional group: carbonyl
R- C=O, polar
functional group: carboxyl
R- COOH or R-COO-, polar, charged
functional group: amino
R-NH2, polar, charged
functional group: Sulfhydryl
R-SH, polar
functional group: phosphate
R- PO4, polar, charged
functional group: sulfate
R-SO4, polar, charged
functional group: methyl
R-CH3, nonpolar
what elements are normally polar?
N and O
will amino groups have both charged and uncharged groups?
yes
will carboxyl groups have both charged and uncharged groups?
no- only uncharged
what is dehydration synthesis reactions function?
connect subunits together to make a long polymer (remove h2o)
what is hydrolysis reactions function?
to break a large polymer into its subunits (add h2o)
what are common enzyme reactions?
dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
which enzyme reaction is this?
2 monomers are connected together with a covalent bond
a molecule of water is produced
dehydration synthesis
which enzyme reaction is this?
the covalent bond between 2 subunits are broken
2 smaller molecules are produced
a molecule of water is used up
hydrolysis
what are the 4 macromolecules?
carbohydrates: CH2O
lipids: CHO
proteins: CHONS
nucleic acids: CHONP
which macromolecules have a set ratio?
carbohydrates- twice as much h as c
how many Ps do nucleic acids normally have?
one
examples of carbohydrates
sugars and starches
example so lipids
fats, oils, steroids
examples of protiens
enzymes
examples of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA
what are monosaccharides?
simple sugars
what are disaccharides?
2 sugars connected by a covalent bond
types of carbohydrates (simple sugars)
monosaccharides and disaccharides
explain dehydration synthesis for sugars
2 simple sugars are combined to form disaccharide
a molecule of water is removed during the reaction
sugars are connected by a covalent bond called a glycosidic bond(sugar bond)
what type of energy are mono and disaccharides used for?
quick
what are polysaccharides?
long polymer made of sugar units
describe the chain of polysaccharides
they can either be straight (unbranched) or branched
what are storage polysaccharides?
stored form of energy in the cell
what bonds do polysaccharides use?
alpha glycosidic bonds
what are examples of storage polysaccharides?
starch and glycogen
are storage polysaccharides easily broken?
yes- most organisms can break alpha gylcosidic bonds so these compounds are easily broken down when the cell needs sugar
what type of energy is storage polysaccharides used for?
long term energy use
what are plants stored carbs?
starch
what are animals storage carb?
glycogen
what are structural polysaccharides?
structural component of the cell
what type of bond are sugars connected by in structural polysaccharides?
beta glycosidic bonds
are structural polysaccharides easily broken?
no- most organisms can’t break beta gylocosidic bonds so these compounds are very stable
what are examples of structural polysaccharides?
cellulose and chitin
which polysaccharide is stored food?
storage
what is cellulose used for?
to build cell wall
describe cellulose
glucose polymer
straight chain
B glycosidic bonds
describe starch
glucose polymer
unbranched or less branched
A glycosidic bonds
describe gylcogen
glucose polymer
branched chain
A glycosidic bond
what are glycoproteins?
protiens with sugars covalent attached to them
what are the functions of carbohydrates?
food/energy
storage
structure
function of carbohydrates: food/energy
used to make short term chemical energy used in enzyme reaction
function of carbohydrates: storage
stored form of chemical energy to be used later as food
function of carbohydrates: structure
structural component of cells, like cell wall, shell/exoskeleton of insects, extracellular matrix of animals (cartilage)
subunits are basically
sugars
what are protiens made out of?
amino acids
what are the groups of amino acids?
amino, carboxyl, R
aminos acids start out as which element?
C
amino group
NH2 or NH3+
what are the types of amino acids?
nonpolar or uncharged
polar charged
polar uncharged
what are peptide bonds?
they connect amino acids
describe the formation of a peptide bond
2 amino acids are connected together
a molecule of H2O is produced
reaction is dehydration synthesis
what is a polypeptide?
chain of amino acids
what is the front end of a protein called and have?
N terminus
amino group
what is the rear end of a protein called and have?
C terminus
carboxyl group
what are the levels of protein structure?
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
what happens if the protein doesn’t get folded up properly?
it is unusable
what is the primary structure?
the sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds (very strong)
what is the secondary structure?
localized folding of polypeptide chain (interactions between nearby amino acids)
mainly due to H bonds
examples of secondary structures
alpha helix
beta sheet
what is the tertiary structure?
the final 3d structure of a polypeptide chain
it involves interactions between distant amino acids
what protein structure connects the helix to the beta sheet?
tertiary
what protein structure do you stop at if it only has one subunit?
tertiary
what is the quaternary structure?
interaction between different protein subunits to form whole proteins
only proteins that have more than one e subunit have this
Each individual subunit has their own what?
3d shape
when is the final 3d shape of a subunit?
tertiary
what type of bonds are in the 2,3,4 protein structures?
H bonds
Ionic
Disulfide
Hydrophobic effect
Can de waals force
what is protein denaturation?
protiens unfold and no longer function properly
what causes protein denaturation?
bonds involved in 3d structure are broken
how do you denature h bonds?
changing the ph
what are some protein functions?
enzymes, structural, receptor, transport, hormones
what are enzymes?
perform chemical reactions
what are structural proteins?
build something (collagen or keratin)
what are receptor proteins?
involved in communication
what are transport protiens?
controls what goes in and out of
what are hormones?
a long distance chemical signal and is involved in communication, insulin
what are dna and rna?
nucleic acids
what are nucleic acids made of?
nucleotides
5 carbon sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base
if it has a phosphate it is automatically a
nucleic acid
what does rna contain?
the sugar ribose in ribonucleotides (NTPs)
what does dna contain?
the sugar deoxyribose in deoxyribosenucleotides (rNTPs)
which isn’t stable? dna or rna
rna
what are the nitrogenous bases?
purines and pyrimidines
what are purines?
nitrogenous base with 2 rings
Adeline and Guanine
What are pyrimidines?
nitrogenous bases with only 1 ring
Cytosine, Thymine, and uracile
what are the bases in rna?
AGCU
what are the bases in dna?
AGCT
now are nucleotides on the same strand connected?
phosphodiester bonds
what does the first nucleotide have?
5’ phosphate group
what does the last nucleotide have?
a 3’ OH
what does antiparallel mean?
one strand is flipped 180
which is double stranded and has to be antiparalleled?
dna
in dna, what are opposite strands making the base pairs going to be connected by?
h bond because it is easily broken so it can unzip an zip back up
why do nucleotides need strong bonds?
if not the dna will change
what do phosphodiester bonds connect to and make sugar phosphate backbone?
bases in the same strand
what are dnas complementary base pairs?
A, T
G,C
what do genes code for?
protiens
what is single stranded?
rna
what is mRNA?
codes for protiens, messenger
what is tRNA?
brings aa to ribosome during protein synthesis, transfer
what is rRNA?
structural part of ribosome, ribosomal
what is snRNA?
in snRNPs and involved in rna splicing, small nuclear
what are chemical properties of lipids?
usually large and hydrophobic
examples of lipids
fats, oils, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, fatty acids
what are the three lipid types?
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
what are amphipatjic molecules?
some lipids, have a polar and nonpolar end
example of amphipathic lipids
Fatty acids and phospholipids
what are triglycerides function?
examples
store energy( think of stored food)
Fats and oils
what is the triglyceride structure?
glycerol( a 3c alcohol) and 3 fatty acids (carboxyl group and long hydrocarbon chain)
what are saturated fats?
solid at room temp (single bonds in fatty acids)
what are saturated fats?
solid at room temp (single bonds in fatty acids)
what are unsaturated fats?
liquid at room temp (at least one double or triple bond in fatty acids)
saturated fats and unsaturated are
triglycerides
what is a saturated fatty acid?
only single bonds in hydrocarbon chain, makes a straight molecule that can pack together tightly
all 3 fatty acids are saturated
saturated fats
has at least one unsaturated fatty acid
unsaturated fats
what is a unsaturated fatty acid?
has at least one double or triple bond, add kink in molecules
what is butter and cooking oil?
sat
Unsat
what are phospholipids function?
component of membrane= phospholipid bilayer
what are the two ends of a phospholipid?
charged and uncharged
what is the phospholipid structure?
glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group, polar headgroup (small organic molecule) (charged or partially charged)
why do phospholipids assemble in a bilayer?
the hydrophobic effect
the hydrophobic tails face each other and the heads are exposed to water
how are the tails arranged in a phospholipid?
hydrophobic parts are tail to tail in the middle of the membrane
how are the hydrophilic parts assembled on a phospholipid?
on the outer and inner surface of membrane
what is a steroids structure?
4 characteristic rings + side chain
what is the function of steroids?
component of membrane, hormones
steroids are a
lipid
what are some sex hormones?
steroids
Lipid function: membrane structure
phospholipids, cholesterol (a steroid)
Lipid function: energy store
triglycerides (fats and oils)
Lipid function: hormones
steroids
Lipid function: pigments
chlorophyll, carotene
which structure connects nearby AA and which one is distant?
secondary
tertiary
What is organic chemistry?
the beach of chemistry that focuses on the study of carbon containing compounds, analyzing their structure, properties, reactions, and compositions
