chapter 8 notecards Flashcards
the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is
self concept
pre schoolers self concepts are initially very concrete
they are based on ________ (their name, physical appearance, possesions)
observable characteristics
a life story narrative that is more coherent and lasting than the isolated memories of the first few years
autobiographical memory
consists of our judgements about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements
iinclude a variety of separate self evaluations concerning how well a individual performs at different activities
self esteem
children develop self judgements such as about learning well in school and making friends, but because they cannot distinguish their desired and actual competence, they usually rate their own ability as extremely ___ and ______ task difficulty
high
underestimate
between ages 2 and 6, children make important gains in ________
first they gain in _______
second they improve in _______
finally they more often experience ______ and _____
emotional competence
emotional understanding
emotional self regulation
self conscious emotions and empathy
adjusting their emotional arousal to a more comfortable level
emotional self regulation
children can blunt emotions by
_______ (ex. covering their eyes or ear to block scary sights and sounds)
______ (ex. mommy said shell be back soon
__________ ex. deciding they don’t want to play anyway after being excluded from a game)
restricting sensory input
talking to themselves
changing their goals
feelings that involve injury to or enhancement of their sense of self
self conscious emotions
the capacity for empathy is an important motivator of ____
or _______ - actions that benefit another person with no expected reward for the self
prosocial
altruistic behavior
for some children, empathy (feeling what another person is feeling and responding in a similar way) ____ lead to sympathy (feelings of concern or sorrow for another person)
does not
special relationships marked by attachment and common interests
friendships
according to _____, in 2-5 year olds social development follows a 3-step sequence
1st children engage in _______
-unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play
2nd is _______
in which a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not interact with them
3rd children develop 2 forms of true social interaction
________: children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and common on one another behaviors
______: children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make believe theme
mildren parten nonsocial activity parallel play associative play cooperative plahy
parents influence childrens peer sociability in 2 ways
_____: through attempts to influence childrens peer relations
______: through their child rearing practices and play behaviors
directly
indirectly
at first, conscience is _
_____ by adultsl, but it gradually comes to be regulated by ________
externally controlled
inner standards
psychoanalytic theory stresses the ______ of conscience development
- the role of guilt
emotional side
social learning theory focuses on how _______ is learned through _______ and ________
-reinforcing moral behaviors and punishing immoral behaviors
moral behavior
reinforcement
modeling
type of discipline in which an adult helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others
ex. a parent might say she’s crying because you won’t give e back doll
emphasizes the impact of the childs actions on others, it encourages empathy and sympathy
giving children reasons for changing their behavior encourages them to adopt moral standards because they make sense
induction
expressions of personal responsibility and regret
ex. I’m sorry i hurt him
can be induced by explaining that the child is harming someone and has disappointed the parent
empathy based guild
preschooelrs are more likely to copy the prosocial actions of a warm, responsive adult than those of a cold, distant adult
warmth and responsiveness
children admire and therefore tend to imitate competent, powerful models, especially older peers and adults
competence and power
when models say one thing and do another children generally choose the most lenient standard that adults demonstrate
ex. the adult frequently says its important to help others but rarely engages in helpful acts
consistency between assertions and behavior
yelling at, slapping, spanking children for misbehavior
ineffective disiciplinary tactic because it promotes only ________, not lasting changes in behavior
punishment
momentary compliancfe
involves removing children from the immediate setting until they are able to act appropriately
timeout
when parents do decide to use punishment they can increase its effectiveness by
being _______
maintaining a ________
providing _______
consistent
warm parent child relationship
explanations
preschoolers can distinguish________ from __________ and ___________
moral imperatives
social conventions
matters of persoal choice
protect peoples rights and welfare (ex stealing)
moral imperatives
customs determined solely by consensus (ex. table manners and politeness rituals, such as please and thank u)
social conventions
choices which do not violate rights and are up to the individual (ex. hairstyle,friends)
matters of personal choice
occurs when children act to fulfill a need or desire such as obtaining an object, privilege, or social reward, and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal
proactive aggression
an angry defensive response to provocation a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person
reactive aggression
involves physical injury or destruction of another property
physical aggression
involves threats of physical aggression, name calling, or hostile teasing
verbal aggression
damages another persons peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip or friendship manipulation
relational aggression
although verbal aggression is _______, physical and relational aggression can be either direct or indirect
always direct
starting at preschool age, girls aggression is primarily ________ and boys is more _______, they display overall rates of aggression that are much higher than the rates of girls
relational
variable
any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes
gender typing1
a full understanding of the biologically based permanence of their gender, including the realization that sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change
gender constancy
an information processing approach to gender typing that combines social learning and cognitive developmental features to explain how gender roles develop
Young children pick up gender-typed preferences and behaviors from others and organize their experiences into gender schemas, or masculine and feminine categories, that they use to interpret their world
gender schema theory
tend to view the world in gender linked terms
Ex. If a little boy who is gender-schematic sees a doll, he will immediately make gender highly relevant asking himself “Should boys play with dolls?” if he answers “yes” and the toy interests him, he will approach it, explore it, and learn more about it. If he answers “no” he will respond by avoiding the “gender-inappropriate” toy
gender schematic children
seldom view the world in gender linked terms
Ex. If a little boy who is gender-aschematic sees a doll, he will simply ask himself “Do I like this toy?” and responds on the basis of his interests
gender aschematic children
referring to all males or females as alike
generic utterances
a persons self image as relatively masculine or feminine
gender identity
a substation minority, especially females, scores high on both masculine and feminine characteristics
androgyny
combinations of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child rearing climate
child rearing styles
most successful approach of child rearing, involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques and appropriate autonomy granting
authoritative child rearing
low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control, and low in autonomy granting
authoritarikan child rearing
is warm and accepting but uninvolved
overindulging or inattentive
engage in little control
permissi ve child rearing
combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy
uninvolved child rearing
