chapter 11 Flashcards
a modern subsititute for leaving the home
psychological distancing
Viewed by both adults and peers as relaxed, independent, self-confident, and physically attractive
Popular with agemates and tend to hold leadership positions in school and be athletic stars
But, also more likely to report slightly more psychological stress and problem behaviors (sexual activity, smoking, drinking, delinquency)
early maturing boys
Viewed by both adults and peers as anxious, overly talkative, and attention-seeking
late maturing boys
In contrast to early-maturing boys, girls are viewed as unpopular, withdrawn, lacking in self-confidence, anxious, and prone to depression, and hold few leadership positions
More involved in deviant behavior (getting drunk, participating in early sexual activity) and achieve less well in school
early maturing girls
Regarded as physically attractive, lively, sociable, and leaders at school
late maturing girls
conception of attitude toward their physical appearance
body image
Early maturers are especially vulnerable to establishing ties with deviant peers, which increases their defiant, hostile behavior
Families in such neighborhoods tend to be exposed to chronic, severe stressors and to have few social supports
Thus, early maturers are also more likely to experience harsh, inconsistent parenting, which predicts both deviant peer associations and antisocial behavior
economically disadvantaged neighborhoods
the most common nutritional problem of adolescence
iron deficiency
strongest predictor of the offset of an eating disorder
severe dieting
tragic eating disturbance in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder in which young people engage in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating, often followed by deliberate vomiting and purging with laxatives
bulima nervosa
early sexual activity is _______ among young people who grow up in ________
living in a ________ also increases the likelihood that teenage will be be sexually active
more common
low in come families
hazardous neighborhood
most sexually active teens do not ____ do the kind of planning and decision making necessary to take adequate precautions
do not
it is at least ____ as easy for a male to infect a female with any STD as for a female to infect a male
twice as easy
after the birth of a child, adolescents lives often worsen:
__________: only about 70% of US adolescent mothers graduate from high school, compared with 95% of those who wait to become parents
_______: teenage motherhood reduces the chances of marriage and these mothers are more likely to divorce than their peers who delay childbearing
___________: teenage mothers are more likely to be on welfare or working low paid jobs, earning too little to provide basic necessities for their children
educational attainment
marital patterns
economic circumstance
In Canada and Western Europe, where community and school based clinics offer adolescents contraceptives and where universal health insurance helps pay for them, teenage sexual activity is no higher than in the U.S.
BUT, _______, ______, ______are much lower
pregnancy childbirth abortions
developing the capacity for abstract, systematic and scientific thinking
formal operational stage
piaget believed that at adolescence, young people first become capable of _________
when faced with a problem, they start with a hypothesis or prediction about variables that might affect an outcome
from the hypothesis they deduce logical testable inferences
then they systematically isolate and combine variables to see which of these inferences are confirmed in the real world
this form of problem solving starts with ______ and proceeds to ______
in contrast concrete operational ch ildren start with _____, with the most obvious predictions about a situation
hypothetico-deductive reasoning
possibility
reality
reality
second important characteristic of formal operational stage
adolescents ability to evaluate the logic of propositions (verbal statements) without referring to real world circumstances
propositional thought
information processing view of adolescent cognitive development
____ becomes more selective
-better able to focus on relevant info and adapt to changing tasks
___ improves
-both of irrelevant stimuli and well learned responses in situations where they are inapropriate
_____ become more effective
improving storage, representation, and retrieval of info
_____ increases (eases strategy use)
______ expands
leads to new insignias into effective strategies for acquiring info and solving problems
________ improves
better moment by momentt monitoring, evaluation and redirection of thinking
__________ increase
ability to hold more information in working memory at once and also to combine information into more complex, efficient representations
attention inhibition strategies knowledge metacognition cognitive self regulation speed of thinking and processing capacity
is the most important change, and is central to adolescent cognitive development
metacognition
researchers believe that ________ is at the heart of scientific reasoning
sophisticated metacognitive understanding
adolescents’ belief that they are the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern
They become extremely self-conscious
May explain why they spend long hours inspecting every detail of their appearance and why they are so sensitive to public criticism
To teenagers, who believe that everyone is monitoring their performance, a critical remark from a parent or teacher can be mortifying
Ex. A teenager who wakes up one morning with a pimple on her chin thinks “I can’t possibly go to school today! Everyone will notice how ugly I look!”
imaginary audience
– teenagers are certain that others are observing and thinking about them and they develop an inflated opinion of their own importance (a feeling that they are special and unique)
Many adolescents view themselves as reaching great heights of all-powerfulness and also sinking to unusual depths of despair (experiences that others cannot possibly understand)
Ex. A teenager who is upset over a boyfriend’s behavior, when her mother tries to comfort her, says “Mom, you don’t know what it’s like to be in love!”
personal fable
the personal fable and imaginary audience do not result from egocentrism, as piaget suggested
rather they are partly an outgrowth of advances in ________ which cause young teenagers to be more concerned with what others think
perspective taking
