Chapter 5 notecards Flashcards
piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory
1st stage _________
initially think with their eyes ears and hands
by the end, children can solve problems and represent their experiences in speech and gesture
sensoriomotor stage birth-2 years
involves building schemes through direct interaction wiith the environment
________ use current schemes to interpret the external world
ex: when dropping objects and watching them fall, baby is assimilating them
adaptation
assimilation
create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that the current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely
accomodation
new schemes are rearragnged and linked with other schemes to create and interconnected cognitive system
internal process, apart from the direct contact with the environment
ex) baby will eventually related dropping to throwing and develop its understanding of nearness and farness
organization
stumbling onto a new experience caused by the baby own motor activity, then trying to repeat the event again and again
ex) 2 month old accidentally makes a smacking noise after a feeding, then tries to repeat the noise until it is an expert at lip smacking
circular reaction
babies suck, grasp, and look in the same way no matter what experiences they encounter
ex) 2 week old laying bed next to her father, begins sucking on his arm
reflexive schemes
repeat chance behaviors largely motivated by basic needs
ex) 1 month old will open its mouth differently for a nipple than for a spoon
primary circular reactions
try to repeat interesting events in the surrounding environment that are caused by their own actions
ex) 4 month old accidentally knocks a toy hanging in front of her producing a swinging motion and attempts to repeat this effect
secondary circular actions
combine schemes into new, more complex action sequences
intentional or goal directed behavior - coordinating schemes to deliberately solve simple problems
coordination of secondary circular reactions
toddlers repeat behaviors with variation or experiment in specific situations
tertiary circular reactions
ability to create internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate
images, concepts
mental representations
ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present
deferred imitation
babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems or core domains of thought, that support early, rapid developmetnt
argues that infants could not make sense of the complex stimulation around them without having been genetically set up to do so
core knowledge perspective
where information enters, sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly
sensory register
2nd part of the mind, where we actively apply mental strategies as we “work” on a limited amount of information
as we connect separate pieces of information into a single representation, we make more room in working memory for more information
working, or short term memory
conscious reflective part of our mental system
central executive
3rd and largest storage area, our permanent knowledge base, unlimited
long term memory
a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners
zone of proximal development
measure behaviors that reflect development and arrive at scores that predict future performance
goal of mental tests
checklist for gathering information about the quality of children’s home lives through observation and parental interviews
HOME
children attend an organized child-care or preschool program where they receive educational, nutritional, and health services, and parents receive child-rearing and other social-service supports
center based
skilled adult visits the home and works with parents, teaching them how to stimulate young children’s development
home based
proposed that language like all behaviors is acquired through operant conditioning
when parents reinforce their baby’s sounds that most sound like words
BF SKinner
behavorist perspective
his theory regards young childrens language skill as innate
children are born with a _-___containing a set of rules common to all languages
noam chomsky
nativist perspective
language acquisition device (LAD)
emphasizes interactions between inner capacities and environmental influences
interactionist perspective
when toddlers first learn words they often apply them too narrowly an error called _____
underextension
applying a word to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate
overextension
at all ages _______ develops before language production
language comprehension
once toddlers can produce about 200 words, they begin to form 2 word utterances called
telegraphic speech
vocabularies consist of mainly words that refer to object (most common style)
referential style
learn to produce many more pronouns and social formulas
because they believe words are talking about ppls feelings and needs
expressive style
form of communication made up of short sentences with high pitched ,exaggerated expression, ,clear punctuation distinct pauses between speech segments and reputation of words in a variety of contexts
child directed speech
