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PSY 225 > chapter 12 notecards > Flashcards

chapter 12 notecards Flashcards

1
Q

Erikson was the first to recognize _____ as the major personality achievement of adolescence and as a crucial step toward becoming a productive adult

A

identity

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2
Q

If young people’s earlier conflicts were resolved negatively or if society limits their choices to ones that do not match their abilities and desires, they may appear shallow, directionless, and unprepared for the challenges of adulthood

A

identity versus role confusion

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3
Q

changes in ____ and ____ set the stage for developing a unified _______

A

self concept
self esteem
personal identity

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4
Q

in adolesence, young people add several new dimensions of self evaluation:

A

close frienship
romantic appeal
job competence

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5
Q

for most young people, self esteem ____ and they see themselves more mature, capable, and attractive than previously

A

rises

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6
Q

researchers evaluating progress in identity development have constructed 4 identity statuses on the basis of 2 criteria from eriksons theory: _____ and _____

A

exploration

commitment

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7
Q

exploration without having reached committment

A

identiy mroatorium

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8
Q

commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration

A

identity achievement

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9
Q

commitment in the absence of exploration

A

identity foreclosure

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10
Q

an apathetic state characterized by lack of both exploration and commitment

A

identity diffusion

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11
Q

adolescents of both sexes typically make progress on identity concerns _____ experiencing genuine intimacy in relationships

A

before

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12
Q

adolescents in moratorium resemble identity-achieved individuals in using an active, ______ to make personal decisions and solve probelsm

A

information gathering cognitive e style

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13
Q

foreclosed individuals display a ______, _____ cognitive style, internalizing the values and beliefs of parents and others without delibrerate evaluation and they resist information that threatens their position
most fear rejecteion by people on whom they depend for affection and self esteem

A

dogmatic inflexible cognitive syle

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14
Q

Long-term diffused individuals typically use a _____cognitive style in which they avoid dealing with personal decisions and problems and, instead, allow current situational pressures to dictate their reactions
Taking an “I don’t care” attitude, they entrust themselves to luck or fate and tend to go along with the crowd
As a result they experience time management and academic difficulties and, of all young people are the most likely to use and abuse drugs
Often their apathy leads to a sense of hopelessness about the future
Least mature identity status

A

diffuse avoident

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15
Q

for minority adolescents, ______ - a sense of ethnic group membership and attitudes ad feelings associated with membership - is central to the quest for identiy

A

ethnic identity

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16
Q

distress resulting from conflict between the minority culture and the host culture

A

acculturative stress

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17
Q

exploring and adapting values from both the adolescents subculture and the dominant culture, very benefcial

A

bicultural identity

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18
Q

stories presenting a conflict between two moral values

A

hypotehtical moral dilemmas

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19
Q

kohlberg emphasized that moral ____ depends on the way an individual reasons about the dilemma, not on the content of the response (whether or not to steal

A

maturity

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20
Q

permit individuals to resolve moral conflicts in more effective e ways

A

perspective taking

21
Q

morality is externally controlled; children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences

A

preconventiona level

22
Q

individuals regard conformity to social rules as important because they believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order

A

conventional level

23
Q

define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies

A

post conventional or principled level

24
Q

♣ Like Piaget’s cognitive stages, Kohlberg’s moral stages do not develop in a neat stepwise fashion, rather they are

A

loosely organized and overlapping

25
Q

On hypothetical dilemmas as well as everyday moral problems, adolescent and adult females display reasoning at the ____ stage as their male agemates and often at a ___ stage

A

same

higher

26
Q

Many studies have tested Gilligan’s claim that Kohlberg’s approach underestimates the moral maturity of females, and most ____support it.

A

do not

27
Q

The most radical opposition comes from researchers who – referring to a wide variability in moral reasoning across situations – claim that Kohlberg’s stage sequence inadequately accounts for morality in ______
They favor a _____approach to morality
They assert that each person makes moral judgments at varying levels of maturity, depending on the individual’s context and motivations
Conflict over a business deal is likely to evoke stage 2 reasoning (instrumental purpose)
A friendship or romantic dispute stage 3 reasoning (ideal reciprocity)
A breach of contract stage 4 reasoning (social-order-maintaining)

A

every day life

pragmatic approach

28
Q

increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior, and movement toward a more traditional gender identity

A

gender intensification

29
Q

a sense of oneself as a separate, self governing individual

A

autonomy

30
Q

Improved ability to reason about social relationships leads teenagers to ______ their parents, viewing them as “just people”, so they may question parental authority

A

deidealize

31
Q

Throughout adolescence, the quality of __________ is the single most consistent predictor of mental health

A

parent-child relationship

32
Q

Sibling interactions adapt to development in adolescence

Often becoming ____ intense in both positive and negative feelings

A

less

33
Q

At their best, peers serve as _____between the family and adult social roles

A

critical bridges

34
Q

adolescents seek ______, ________ of each others values beliefs and feelings and ______

A

intimacy, mutual understanding

loyalty

35
Q

sharing of private thoughts and feelings between friends rises steadily over the adolescent years

A

self disclosure

36
Q

– groups of 5-7 members who are friends and usually resemble one another in family background, attitudes, and values

A

clique

37
Q

common by mid adolescence

A

mixed sex cliques

38
Q

at first cliques are limited to

A

same sex members

39
Q

membership in a crowd is based on ______

A

reputation and stereotypes

40
Q

Adolescents who described their parents as _______were members of “brain,” “jock,” and “popular” groups that accepted ___ adult and peer reward systems

A

authoritative

both

41
Q

Adolescent boys with ______ parents aligned themselves with the “partiers” and “burnouts,” suggesting ____ of identification with adult reward system

A

permissive

lack

42
Q

about ___ of first romances do not survive high sc hool

A

do not

43
Q

are more likely than younger or individuals to give in to peer pressure on day to day personal choices

A

early adolescents

44
Q

`______ child rearing is related to resistance to peer pressure

A

authoritative

45
Q

feeling sad, frustrated, and hopeless about life, accompanied by loss of pleasure in most activities and disturbances in sleep, appetite, concentration, and energy – is the most common psychological problem of adolescence

A

depression

46
Q

teenage girls are ___ as likely as boys to report persistent depressed mood

A

twice

47
Q

suicide rate _____ over the lifespan, but it _____ at adolesence

A

increases

jumps sharply

48
Q

______, when asked confidently about law breaking, admit to have committed an offense of some sort, usually a minor crime

A

almost all

49
Q

therapists combined family intervention with integrating violent youths into positive school, work, and leisure activities and disengaging them from deviant peers

A

multisystematic therapy

PSY 225 (14 decks)

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