chapter 12 notecards Flashcards
Erikson was the first to recognize _____ as the major personality achievement of adolescence and as a crucial step toward becoming a productive adult
identity
If young people’s earlier conflicts were resolved negatively or if society limits their choices to ones that do not match their abilities and desires, they may appear shallow, directionless, and unprepared for the challenges of adulthood
identity versus role confusion
changes in ____ and ____ set the stage for developing a unified _______
self concept
self esteem
personal identity
in adolesence, young people add several new dimensions of self evaluation:
close frienship
romantic appeal
job competence
for most young people, self esteem ____ and they see themselves more mature, capable, and attractive than previously
rises
researchers evaluating progress in identity development have constructed 4 identity statuses on the basis of 2 criteria from eriksons theory: _____ and _____
exploration
commitment
exploration without having reached committment
identiy mroatorium
commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration
identity achievement
commitment in the absence of exploration
identity foreclosure
an apathetic state characterized by lack of both exploration and commitment
identity diffusion
adolescents of both sexes typically make progress on identity concerns _____ experiencing genuine intimacy in relationships
before
adolescents in moratorium resemble identity-achieved individuals in using an active, ______ to make personal decisions and solve probelsm
information gathering cognitive e style
foreclosed individuals display a ______, _____ cognitive style, internalizing the values and beliefs of parents and others without delibrerate evaluation and they resist information that threatens their position
most fear rejecteion by people on whom they depend for affection and self esteem
dogmatic inflexible cognitive syle
Long-term diffused individuals typically use a _____cognitive style in which they avoid dealing with personal decisions and problems and, instead, allow current situational pressures to dictate their reactions
Taking an “I don’t care” attitude, they entrust themselves to luck or fate and tend to go along with the crowd
As a result they experience time management and academic difficulties and, of all young people are the most likely to use and abuse drugs
Often their apathy leads to a sense of hopelessness about the future
Least mature identity status
diffuse avoident
for minority adolescents, ______ - a sense of ethnic group membership and attitudes ad feelings associated with membership - is central to the quest for identiy
ethnic identity
distress resulting from conflict between the minority culture and the host culture
acculturative stress
exploring and adapting values from both the adolescents subculture and the dominant culture, very benefcial
bicultural identity
stories presenting a conflict between two moral values
hypotehtical moral dilemmas
kohlberg emphasized that moral ____ depends on the way an individual reasons about the dilemma, not on the content of the response (whether or not to steal
maturity
permit individuals to resolve moral conflicts in more effective e ways
perspective taking
morality is externally controlled; children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences
preconventiona level
individuals regard conformity to social rules as important because they believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order
conventional level
define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies
post conventional or principled level
♣ Like Piaget’s cognitive stages, Kohlberg’s moral stages do not develop in a neat stepwise fashion, rather they are
loosely organized and overlapping
On hypothetical dilemmas as well as everyday moral problems, adolescent and adult females display reasoning at the ____ stage as their male agemates and often at a ___ stage
same
higher
Many studies have tested Gilligan’s claim that Kohlberg’s approach underestimates the moral maturity of females, and most ____support it.
do not
The most radical opposition comes from researchers who – referring to a wide variability in moral reasoning across situations – claim that Kohlberg’s stage sequence inadequately accounts for morality in ______
They favor a _____approach to morality
They assert that each person makes moral judgments at varying levels of maturity, depending on the individual’s context and motivations
Conflict over a business deal is likely to evoke stage 2 reasoning (instrumental purpose)
A friendship or romantic dispute stage 3 reasoning (ideal reciprocity)
A breach of contract stage 4 reasoning (social-order-maintaining)
every day life
pragmatic approach
increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior, and movement toward a more traditional gender identity
gender intensification
a sense of oneself as a separate, self governing individual
autonomy
Improved ability to reason about social relationships leads teenagers to ______ their parents, viewing them as “just people”, so they may question parental authority
deidealize
Throughout adolescence, the quality of __________ is the single most consistent predictor of mental health
parent-child relationship
Sibling interactions adapt to development in adolescence
Often becoming ____ intense in both positive and negative feelings
less
At their best, peers serve as _____between the family and adult social roles
critical bridges
adolescents seek ______, ________ of each others values beliefs and feelings and ______
intimacy, mutual understanding
loyalty
sharing of private thoughts and feelings between friends rises steadily over the adolescent years
self disclosure
– groups of 5-7 members who are friends and usually resemble one another in family background, attitudes, and values
clique
common by mid adolescence
mixed sex cliques
at first cliques are limited to
same sex members
membership in a crowd is based on ______
reputation and stereotypes
Adolescents who described their parents as _______were members of “brain,” “jock,” and “popular” groups that accepted ___ adult and peer reward systems
authoritative
both
Adolescent boys with ______ parents aligned themselves with the “partiers” and “burnouts,” suggesting ____ of identification with adult reward system
permissive
lack
about ___ of first romances do not survive high sc hool
do not
are more likely than younger or individuals to give in to peer pressure on day to day personal choices
early adolescents
`______ child rearing is related to resistance to peer pressure
authoritative
feeling sad, frustrated, and hopeless about life, accompanied by loss of pleasure in most activities and disturbances in sleep, appetite, concentration, and energy – is the most common psychological problem of adolescence
depression
teenage girls are ___ as likely as boys to report persistent depressed mood
twice
suicide rate _____ over the lifespan, but it _____ at adolesence
increases
jumps sharply
______, when asked confidently about law breaking, admit to have committed an offense of some sort, usually a minor crime
almost all
therapists combined family intervention with integrating violent youths into positive school, work, and leisure activities and disengaging them from deviant peers
multisystematic therapy
