Chapter 4 notecards Flashcards
refers to changes in behavior as the result of experience
learning
increases the probability that the behavior will occur again
reinforcer
decreases the probability that the behavior will occur again
punishment
gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
habituation
new stimulus, or a change in the environment, causes responsiveness to return to a high level
recovery
actions that help an infant move around the environmet
crawiling, standing, walking
gross motor development
smaller movements
reaching and grasping
fine-motor development
motor control: control head 1st, control arms and trunk 2nd, and control legs 3rd
cephalocaudal trend
head trunk and arm control appears before coordination of the hands and fingers
prodimodistal trend
clumsy motion in which the fingers close against the palm
_____ old
ulnar grasp
3-4 months
more coordinated grasp using the thumb and index finger opposably
_______
pincer grasp
9 months old
hearing development shifts from ______ to ________
sensation,perception
sense of musical phrasing
prefer structured musical sounds
4-7 months
screen out sounds from non native languages
6-8 months
extend sensitivity to speech structure
recognize familiar words
natural phrasing in native language
7-9 months
ability to analyze speech recurring sequences of sounds and extract patterns from complex continuous speech
statistical learning capacity
motion perception
blink eyes defensively when an object moves toward their face is if it is going to hit
3-4 weeks old
binocular depth
occurs because our eyes have slightly different views of the visual field and the brain blends the two images, resulting in perception of depth
2-3 months
pictorial depth and fear of heights
6-7 months
the difference in the amount of light between adjacent regions in a pattern
contrast
simultaneous input from multiple senses
intermodal stimulation
perceiving running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor and taste information as unified wholes
intermodal perception
information that overlaps two or more sensory systems
ex) texture and shape- holdiing a red block in your hand, seeing the color and feeling the texture and seeing the shape
amodal sensory properties
can detect modal sensory properties
birth-3months
can relate speech sounds to lip movements
3-4 months
can perceive unique face-voice pairings of unfamiliar adults
4-6 months
can match voices and faces on the basis of gender
8 months
infants actively search for invariant features of the environment in a constantly changing perceptual world
differentiation theory
_______ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development
opens up a whole new way of exploring the environment
voluntary reaching
poorly coordinated swipes or swings
prereaching (newborn-3months)
passive, what baby receptors detect when exposed to stimulation
sensation
active organize and interpret what is perceived
perception
