Chapter 4 notecards

Question 1

refers to changes in behavior as the result of experience

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

increases the probability that the behavior will occur again

Answer 2

reinforcer

Question 3

decreases the probability that the behavior will occur again

Answer 3

punishment

Question 4

gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation

Answer 4

habituation

Question 5

new stimulus, or a change in the environment, causes responsiveness to return to a high level

Answer 5

recovery

Question 6

actions that help an infant move around the environmet

crawiling, standing, walking

Answer 6

gross motor development

Question 7

smaller movements

reaching and grasping

Answer 7

fine-motor development

Question 8

motor control: control head 1st, control arms and trunk 2nd, and control legs 3rd

Answer 8

cephalocaudal trend

Question 9

head trunk and arm control appears before coordination of the hands and fingers

Answer 9

prodimodistal trend

Question 10

clumsy motion in which the fingers close against the palm

_____ old

Answer 10

ulnar grasp

3-4 months

Question 11

more coordinated grasp using the thumb and index finger opposably
_______

Answer 11

pincer grasp

9 months old

Question 12

hearing development shifts from ______ to ________

Answer 12

sensation,perception

Question 13

sense of musical phrasing

prefer structured musical sounds

Answer 13

4-7 months

Question 14

screen out sounds from non native languages

Answer 14

6-8 months

Question 15

extend sensitivity to speech structure
recognize familiar words
natural phrasing in native language

Answer 15

7-9 months

Question 16

ability to analyze speech recurring sequences of sounds and extract patterns from complex continuous speech

Answer 16

statistical learning capacity

Question 17

motion perception

blink eyes defensively when an object moves toward their face is if it is going to hit

Answer 17

3-4 weeks old

Question 18

binocular depth
occurs because our eyes have slightly different views of the visual field and the brain blends the two images, resulting in perception of depth

Answer 18

2-3 months

Question 19

pictorial depth and fear of heights

Answer 19

6-7 months

Question 20

the difference in the amount of light between adjacent regions in a pattern

Answer 20

contrast

Question 21

simultaneous input from multiple senses

Answer 21

intermodal stimulation

Question 22

perceiving running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor and taste information as unified wholes

Answer 22

intermodal perception

Question 23

information that overlaps two or more sensory systems

ex) texture and shape- holdiing a red block in your hand, seeing the color and feeling the texture and seeing the shape

Answer 23

amodal sensory properties

Question 24

can detect modal sensory properties

Answer 24

birth-3months

Question 25

can relate speech sounds to lip movements

Answer 25

3-4 months

Question 26

can perceive unique face-voice pairings of unfamiliar adults

Answer 26

4-6 months

Question 27

can match voices and faces on the basis of gender

Answer 27

8 months

Question 28

infants actively search for invariant features of the environment in a constantly changing perceptual world

Answer 28

differentiation theory

Question 29

_______ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development
opens up a whole new way of exploring the environment

Answer 29

voluntary reaching

Question 30

poorly coordinated swipes or swings

Answer 30

prereaching (newborn-3months)

Question 31

passive, what baby receptors detect when exposed to stimulation

Answer 31

sensation

Question 32

active organize and interpret what is perceived

Answer 32

perception